RIAN News Service looks back at the main events of the outgoing year; below starts a month-by-month review of 2009:
January 1
* Russia cuts off natural gas supplies to Ukraine, but increases shipments to other European states
January 7
* Russian energy giant Gazprom halts gas supplies to Ukraine for transit to Europe
January 9
* Russian and British shareholders of Russian-British joint venture TNK-BP sign a deal to complete the process of settling their conflict started in September 2008
January 10
* Russia and the European Union sign a protocol to set up an international commission to control the transit of Russian natural gas through Ukraine
January 13
* Russian energy giant Gazprom gives the go-ahead to resume gas supplies to Europe via Ukraine
January 15
* Russian investigators close their probe into the 1918 murder of the last tsar and his family, and the identification of their remains discovered in the Urals in 1991 and 2007
* North Korean leader Kim Jong-il taps his third son to be his successor and sends his nomination to the leadership of the ruling party
January 19
* Stanislav Markelov, a lawyer for the family of a Chechen woman murdered in 2000 by Russian army colonel Yury Budanov, and Novaya Gazeta reporter Anastasia Baburova are shot dead in downtown Moscow
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signs a decree banning exports of military and dual purpose products to Georgia
* Russian energy giant Gazprom and Ukrainian energy company Naftogaz signs a contract on Russian gas supplies to Ukraine for 2009-2019
January 20
* Barack Obama is sworn in as the 44th president of the U.S. in Washington, becoming the country's first African-American head of state
January 21
* Israel completes its troop pullout from Gaza more than three weeks after the start of its assault on the coastal enclave
January 27
* Metropolitan Kirill is elected head of the Russian Orthodox Church, becoming the 16th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
February 1
* The Russian Orthodox Church enthrones its new leader, Patriarch Kirill
February 2
* Russian international Andrei Arshavin signs for Arsenal
February 3
* Moscow and Minsk sign an agreement on the joint protection of the Russia-Belarus Union State's airspace and the creation of an integrated regional air defense network
February 5
* The Faina Ukrainian cargo ship captured by Somali pirates in September 2008 with 20 crewmembers on board is released after a ransom is paid
February 10
* Israel holds early parliamentary elections
February 11
* Russian and Indian warships complete the final stage of the INDRA-2009 joint naval exercises, practicing anti-piracy operations off the Somali coast
February 12
* The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe extends a mandate for its unarmed military observers in Georgia
February 15
* Bolivia's President Evo Morales arrives in Moscow on the first official visit to Russia to sign a number of agreements, including in the energy and military-technical sectors
February 16
* Russian prosecutors give the go ahead for a new criminal case to be brought against the jailed Yukos founder, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, and his business partner Platon Lebedev
February 17
* Russia's antimonopoly regulator launches suits against the country's largest crude producers - TNK-BP, Gazprom Neft, LUKoil and Rosneft - over fuel market violations in late 2008
February 19
* The jury acquits all defendants suspected of involvement in the murder of Russian investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya
February 20
* Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev signs a decree to close the Manas U.S. airbase used since 2001 to support NATO operations in nearby Afghanistan
February 22
* The Idex-2009 international defense exhibition and conference opens in Abu Dhabi
February 24
* The European Union announces the inclusion of Belarus in its Eastern Partnership (EaP) program
March 1
* Russia holds local legislature and mayoral elections across the country on the single day of voting
* China's first lunar probe ends its 16-month mission with a planned crash into the moon's surface
March 2
* Russia's major political party United Russia, led by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, wins polls to legislatures in all nine participating regions, its first election test since the country was hit by a financial crisis last year
March 3
* Ukraine's parliament votes overwhelmingly to dismiss Foreign Minister Volodymyr Ohryzko over his handling of a territorial dispute with Romania and policies damaging ties with Russia
March 4
* The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir over war crimes against civilians in Sudan's Darfur Province
March 6
* Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton make a symbolic "reboot" to improve relations between the two countries when they met in Geneva
March 7
* Kyrgyzstan's parliament approves the termination of agreements with 11 countries on the deployment of their military contingents at the Manas airbase in the north of the country
March 9
* North Korea puts its armed forces on full combat readiness and cuts off the only direct hotline with South Korea's military in response to plans for joint military exercises by South Korea and the U.S.
* North Korean leader Kim Jong-il is unanimously reelected to the country's parliament with 100% voter turnout
March 10
* A teenage gunman opens fire at random in a secondary school in southwest Germany, killing 16, and shoots himself after being cornered by police, national media reported, citing police sources
March 16
* The trial of Josef Fritzl, accused of imprisoning his daughter for 24 years and fathering her seven children, begins in the Austrian town of St. Poelten
March 17
* Russia signs agreements with Abkhazia and South Ossetia on giving the republics financial aid in socio-economic development and balancing their budgets
March 30
* Sulim Yamadayev, the former commander of the Chechen Vostok battalion, is in hospital in a serious condition after surviving an assassination attempt in Dubai
April 1
* Albania and Croatia officially become NATO's newest members, bringing the number of countries in the military alliance to 28
* U.S. and Russian Presidents Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev meet for the first time in London and announce the restart of talks on a new nuclear arms reduction treaty
April 2
* Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev signs a law to end the deployment of foreign military contingents at the Manas airbase in the north of the country
April 3
* Leaders of NATO member countries gather for a two-day summit to mark NATO's 60th anniversary and discuss new challenges facing the world's most powerful military alliance
April 5
* North Korea launches a long-range rocket over Japan, defying world pressure
April 6
* Powerful earthquake hits the mountainous region of Abruzzo in central Italy, killing up to 300 people and leaving around 50,000 homeless
April 15
* India successfully test-fires a Prithvi-II ballistic missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead
April 16
* The counter-terrorism operation that was launched in Russia's volatile republic of Chechnya in 1999 finishes
April 21
* Russia and China agree to build a new branch from the East Siberia-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline toward China
April 23
* Armenia and Turkey agree on a "roadmap" aimed at normalizing bilateral relations
April 25
* North Korea restarts work at nuclear facilities that produce weapons-grade plutonium following the withdrawal from six-nation talks on its controversial nuclear and missile programs
April 30
* The World Health Organization raises its level of swine flu pandemic alert from phase 4 to 5, one step short of a full-scale pandemic
May 6
* A NATO airstrike leaves around 100 civilians killed in the western Afghan province of Farah
May 7
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev marks his first year in office
May 9
* A military parade involving over 9,000 personnel and dozens of military vehicles and airplanes is held on Moscow’s Red Square to mark Victory Day
May 10
* The Eurovision 2009 song contest opens in Moscow
May 12
* Russia and Japan sign an intergovernmental nuclear cooperation deal during Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's visit to Tokyo
May 13
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approves a national security strategy to last until 2020
May 22
* U.S. President Barack Obama signs into law legislation to reduce the financing of wasteful and inefficient military programs
May 23
* German President Horst Koehler is reelected by a special federal assembly for the second five-year presidential term
May 25
* North Korea carries out three test launches of short-range ground-to-air missiles following a successful nuclear test
May 26
* North Korea fires two short-range missiles into the Pacific, in apparent defiance against international pressure over its May 25 nuclear test
May 31
* South Ossetia holds parliamentary elections, with four parties competing for 34 seats in the republic's legislature
June 2
* Japan's Nissan Motor Company opens a car plant in St. Petersburg at a ceremony attended by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin
June 3
* The U.S. government admits to accidentally publishing "highly confidential" information on hundreds of civilian nuclear sites, including detailed maps showing fuel stockpiles, on the internet
* Russian uranium trader Tekhsnabexport signs a contract with U.S. firm Exelon to supply enriched uranium in 2014-2020
June 4
* U.S. President Barack Obama calls for a new beginning in relations between the United States and the Muslim world at a long-awaited speech in Egypt
June 11
* The World Health Organization (WHO) declares its first flu pandemic of the 21st century following an emergency meeting on the swine flu outbreak that has hit 74 countries
June 12
* The parliament of Georgia unanimously passes resolutions on the formal withdrawal of the former Soviet republic from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
June 13
* Iran's hardline incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wins the June 12 election with 63% of the votes cast in his favor, leaving his rival, reformist former prime minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi, far behind
June 19
* European Union leaders unanimously endorse Jose Manuel Barroso for a second five-year term as president of the 27-nation bloc's executive body, the European Commission
June 22
* The president of Russia's volatile southern republic of Ingushetia, Yunus-bek Yevkurov, is hospitalized after being seriously injured in an assassination attempt
June 25
* U.S. President Barack Obama extends sanctions against North Korea for one more year as the reclusive country is still considered a threat to the United States
* Russia's Supreme Court overturns not-guilty verdicts for three men charged over the 2006 murder of investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya and orders a retrial
* 'King of Pop' Michael Jackson dies of a heart attack in Los Angeles at the age of 50
July 2
* North Korea conducts four test launches of short-range missiles
* Police and security forces prevent assassination of Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov
July 4
* North Korea test launches seven ballistic missiles from its eastern coast
July 6
* U.S. President Barack Obama arrives in Moscow on his first visit to Russia since his victory in November's presidential elections
July 8
* Russia's newest Borey class strategic nuclear submarine, the Yury Dolgoruky completes the first round of sea trials
July 13
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev arrives in South Ossetia on his first visit
July 16
* Iranian Atomic Energy Organization head Gholam Reza Aghazadeh resigns
July 22
* Yury Solomonov, the head of the research institute that designed the Bulava submarine-launched ballistic missile, resigned after a series of unsuccessful test launches
July 23
* Iceland officially applies to join the European Union
July 26
* India launches its first nuclear-powered submarine for sea trials
July 26
* Kyrgyzstan's president wins reelection with 76.4% of the vote
July 31
* Russia's Nerpa nuclear attack submarine, damaged in a fatal accident during tests in November last year, starts the second stage of new sea trials
August 1
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and his Kyrgyz counterpart Kurmanbek Bakiyev sign a memorandum on Russian military presence in Kyrgyzstan
August 3
* Anders Fog Rasmussen, inaugurated as NATO's new secretary general, starts work in the alliance's headquarters in Brussels
August 5
* Former U.S. President Bill Clinton secures the release of two American journalists detained by North Korea in March
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is sworn in for his second term as Iran's president in a ceremony in the country's parliament
August 7
* Typhoon Morakot, the deadliest in history, hits Taiwan leaving 461 people killed
August 11
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev holds off sending Russia's new ambassador to Ukraine over Kiev's anti-Russian policies
August 14
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel meet for an informal summit in Sochi, the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics
August 16
* One of three pilots rehearsing a flight of two Su-27 fighters ahead of MAKS-2009 air show is killed as the military aircraft collides southeast of Moscow
August 17
* A disaster at Russia’s largest hydropower plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya, in south Siberia leaves 75 people killed and destroys a turbine hall
August 18
* The Russian frigate Ladny frees the Arctic Sea cargo ship in the Atlantic without firing a single shot with eight suspected hijackers detained
* Iran signals readiness to hold talks with the West on its nuclear program without any preliminary conditions
* Georgia officially ends its membership of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
August 31
* Turkey and Armenia agree at talks mediated by Switzerland to start "internal political consultations" on establishing diplomatic relations
September 1
* Border traffic between North and South Korea resumes, following months of heavy restrictions imposed by the North
September 2
* Moldova's acting president Vladimir Voronin formally resigns to become a member of parliament, after strongly criticizing the incoming leadership
September 4
* North Korea begins the final stage of uranium enrichment, a method of producing nuclear weapons
September 7
* Greek President Karolos Papoulias signs a decree dismissing the country's parliament and setting early elections for October 4
September 10
* Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez says his country recognizes Georgia's two former breakaway republics as independent states
September 11
* Moldova's parliament appoints newly elected parliamentary speaker Mihai Ghimpu as acting president
September 14
* Yukiya Amano is approved as the next head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to succeed Mohamed ElBaradei from December
September 16
* The European Parliament votes to give European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso a second five-year term in office
* The Japanese government, led by Prime Minister Taro Aso, resigns at an emergency session of the country's parliament
September 17
* U.S. President Barack Obama confirms that Washington is scrapping the Bush administration’s plans for a missile shield in Central Europe
September 18
* The first phase of massive joint Russian-Belarusian military exercises begins with the involvement of some 100 aircraft and 12,600 military personnel
September 22
* The highest-level conference on climate change opens at the United Nations to negotiate a new deal on how to combat global warming
September 24
* Russia's president arrives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for a summit of the Group of 20 richest nations to move the focus onto trade and economic issues
September 25
* All members of the Group of 20 leading economies agree at their summit in Pittsburgh to continue state support measures to prevent a deepening of the economic crisis
September 27
* German Chancellor Angela Merkel announces victory for a new coalition of her conservative Christian Democrats and pro-business Free Democrats after the general election
September 28
* Iran test launches the longest-range missile in its arsenal as tensions grow with the West over its nuclear program
September 30
* Three new crewmembers on board a Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft successfully blast off to the International Space Station
October 1
* The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe rejects Georgia's motion to strip Russia of voting rights over last year's conflict in South Ossetia
* The People's Republic of China celebrates the 60th anniversary of its founding with a vast display of the country's military might on Tiananmen Square
October 2
* Russia extends a moratorium on human cloning that expired two years ago by five years
October 3
* Ireland votes "Yes" to the Lisbon Treaty setting out rules for decision-making in the European Union
October 5
* The Nobel Prize for medicine is given to three U.S. scientists for their research into how the human body protects chromosomes
October 6
* Three scientists share the 2009 Nobel Prize in physics for helping develop fiber optic cables and digital photography technology
October 9
* U.S. President Barack Obama is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
October 10
* Turkey and Armenia sign historic accords restoring diplomatic relations and opening borders between the two countries
October 19
* Ukraine officially launches a presidential election campaign, the first since the 2004 "orange revolution" that swept Viktor Yushchenko to power
October 22
* Russia's Memorial human rights group is awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought by the European Parliament
October 25
* At least 136 people are killed and more than 500 wounded in one of this year's deadliest attacks in Iraq
October 30
* Representatives of ousted Honduran President Manuel Zelaya and the country's de facto leader Roberto Micheletti agree a deal that could pave the way for Zelaya's reinstatement
November 2
* Hamid Karzai is declared the winner of Afghanistan's presidential election when officials scrapped the second round of voting following the withdrawal of his opponent
* Russian-Israeli businessman Shabtai von Kalmanovich is shot dead in central Moscow bringing an end to a colorful life that had seen a flirtation with showbiz and a conviction for spying
November 3
* Former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic attends a court session in The Hague for the first time, telling the judges he needed more time to prepare his defense
* Czech President Vaclav Klaus signs the EU's Lisbon Treaty after the country's Constitutional Court rules that the ambitious reform treaty was in line with the Czech constitution
November 4
* Billionaire Michael Bloomberg, incumbent mayor of New York, is reelected for a third term
* U.S. General Motors (GM) board of directors decides against selling Germany's Opel to the Magna-Sberbank consortium and to retain its big European car division
November 6
* Honduran de-facto leader Roberto Micheletti announces the formation of a reconciliation government
November 9
* Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez calls on his country to prepare for a possible war, once again criticizing a military cooperation agreement between Colombia and the U.S.
* Russian physicist and Nobel laureate Vitaly Ginzburg dies in Moscow at the age of 94
November 10
* The Lebanese prime minister, Saad Hariri, forms a new government with the militant group Hezbollah-led opposition, putting an end to months of political uncertainty in the country
November 12
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev delivers his second state of the nation address to both houses of parliament in the Grand Kremlin Palace
November 13
* President Barack Obama renews U.S. economic sanctions against Iran for another year
November 19
* EU leaders choose Belgian Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy to be the first president of the European Union and Trade Commissioner Catherine Ashton as new EU foreign policy chief
* Russia's Constitutional Court prolongs a moratorium on the death penalty, which was due to expire on January 1, until it is banned completely
November 24
* Russia's Gazprom and Ukraine's Naftogaz agree to reduce Russian national gas deliveries by 35% in 2010, from the previously contracted 52 billion cubic meters to 33.75 bcm
November 26
* The Honduras Supreme Court dismisses ousted Honduran President Manuel Zelaya's claim for reinstatement
* The Russian government approves a national energy strategy until 2030 that envisages raising oil output up to 530-535 million metric tons from last year's 488 million
November 27
* Three carriages of the Nevsky Express high-speed train travelling from Moscow to St. Petersburg derail, killing 28 passengers and injuring at least 90, an emergencies official
November 29
* Switzerland votes to ban the construction of new minarets, disappointing the country's Muslims but making those who proposed the nationwide referendum rejoice at its results
November 30
* The UN Security Council extends the mandate of an international anti-piracy mission off the coast of Somalia for another year
* Serbian poet, novelist and historian Milorad Pavic died of heart failure at the age of 80
* The trial of Ukrainian-born John Demjanjuk, charged with involvement in the murder of 27,900 people during World War II, starts in Munich
* The Large Hadron Collider sets a new world record accelerating its twin beams of protons to unprecedented energy levels
December 1
* The European Union's Lisbon treaty, aimed at streamlining institutions and raising the bloc's global standing, comes into force
December 2
* U.S. President Barack Obama outlines a new strategy on Afghanistan, saying 30,000 troops would be additionally deployed by next summer
December 3
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signs a decree to establish diplomatic relations with Vatican City, and meets with Pope Benedict XVI
* Prime Minister Vladimir Putin fields a wide range of questions from the Russian public during his live TV and radio phone-in, which lasted for four hours
December 5
* A fire caused by an indoor fireworks display at the Lame Horse nightclub in the Urals city of Perm leaves 152 people dead
December 7
* The 15th UN climate change conference, a result of two-year international talks on a binding treaty to cut the global emission of greenhouse gases, opens in Copenhagen
December 8
* At least 100 people are killed and more than 100 were injured as a result of coordinated bomb attacks in Iraq's capital of Baghdad
December 10
* U.S. President Barack Obama accepts the Nobel Peace Prize at a ceremony in Norway but acknowledges the controversy over the award, as his country continues to fight two wars
* Russia successfully test launches a Topol intercontinental ballistic missile
December 14
* Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by a mentally ill man after his party meeting in Milan and taken to hospital
December 15
* Nauru, the world's smallest island state, recognizes the independence of the former Georgian republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
December 16
* Iran successfully tests an upgraded version of its long range solid-fuel Sejil-2 missile
* NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen pays his first official visit to Russia and meets with President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin
* Yegor Gaidar, one of the leading architects of free market reforms in post-Soviet Russia, dies at the age of 53
December 17
* Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signs a national climate doctrine
December 19
* The climate summit in Copenhagen accepts a summary document
* Two people are killed in an explosion when a memorial to WWII heroes is demolished in Georgia's second largest city, Kutaisi
December 24
* Russia and Georgia agree to reopen a border checkpoint closed since July 2006
December 25
* Pope Benedict XVI is knocked down at St. Peter's Basilica during the Christmas Eve service
December 26
* Olympic gold medalist Evgeni Plushenko wins the Russian Figure Skating Championships to become an eight-time national champion
December 28
* Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin officially launches the East-Siberia - Pacific Ocean oil pipeline during his visit to the region
Sources:
2009 Review: January
2009 Review: February
2009 Review: March
2009 Review: April
2009 Review: May
2009 Review: June
2009 Review: July
2009 Review: August
2009 Review: September
2009 Review: October
2009 Review: November
2009 Review: December
Sunday, January 3, 2010
US & WORLD: Chronology of news events in 2009
Published: December 21, 2009
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
JANUARY
Jan. 1
Sixty-six New Year's revelers die and more than 200 are injured in a fire at a Bangkok nightclub.
Longtime Rhode Island Sen. Claiborne Pell, creator of Pell Grants, dies at 90.
Jan. 5
New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson withdraws his nomination to be commerce secretary.
Jan. 8
Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine becomes chairman of Democratic National Committee.
Jan. 9
Rod Blagojevich becomes first Illinois governor to be impeached.
Son of Liberian ex-president Charles Taylor gets 97 years in prison in torture case.
Jan. 12
President George W. Bush asks Congress to release remaining $350 billion in bailout money.
Jan. 15
Roland Burris sworn in as U.S. senator, chosen by embattled Illinois Gov. Blagojevich to take President-elect Barack Obama's former seat.
US Airways jet crash-lands in Hudson River after striking birds. All 155 people aboard survive.
Jan. 16
Painter Andrew Wyeth dies at 91.
Jan. 20
Obama sworn in as 44th president.
Jan. 23
New York Gov. David Paterson chooses Democratic Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand to fill Senate seat vacated by Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Jan. 26
Nadya Suleman gives birth in California to world's longest-surviving set of octuplets.
Jan. 29
Blagojevich convicted at impeachment trial and barred from office. Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn sworn in as Illinois governor.
Jan. 30
Michael Steele elected first black chairman of Republican National Committee.
Jan. 31
More than 100 people die in Molo, Kenya, after overturned gasoline tanker catches fire.
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FEBRUARY
Feb. 1
Pittsburgh Steelers defeat Arizona Cardinals 27-23 to win Super Bowl XLIII.
Feb. 3
Eric Holder becomes first black U.S. attorney general.
Feb. 4
Obama imposes $500,000 cap on executive pay for companies receiving federal bailout money.
Feb. 5
USA Swimming suspends Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps for three months after photo showing him inhaling from marijuana pipe becomes public.
Feb. 8
Robert Plant and Alison Krauss win album of the year Grammy for ''Raising Sand.''
Feb. 9
New York Yankee Alex Rodriguez admits he used performance-enhancing drugs from 2001 to 2003.
Feb. 11
President Robert Mugabe swears in longtime rival Morgan Tsvangirai as Zimbabwe's prime minister.
All-Star shortstop Miguel Tejada pleads guilty to lying to Congress about steroids in baseball.
Rep. John Dingell of Michigan becomes longest-serving member of U.S. House.
Feb. 12
Commuter plane crashes into a Buffalo, N.Y., home, killing all 49 aboard and a person in the house.
Feb. 13
Virginia-based Peanut Corp. of America files for bankruptcy after salmonella outbreak.
Feb. 17
Obama signs $787 billion economic rescue plan.
Feb. 20
Dow Jones industrial average ends week at 7365, lowest level in more than six years.
Feb. 22
The late actor Heath Ledger wins best supporting actor Oscar for ''The Dark Knight''; ''Slumdog Millionaire'' wins best picture.
Mine blast in northern China kills 77.
Feb. 26
Pentagon says it will allow some media coverage of returning war dead, with family approval.
Feb. 27
Obama announces plan to pull all U.S. combat brigades out of Iraq by August 2010.
The Rocky Mountain News ceases publishing; last edition goes on sale.
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MARCH
March 2
Obama appoints Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius as secretary of health and human services.
The Coast Guard, searching for a boat carrying NFL players Marquis Cooper and Corey Smith and two others, finds overturned boat and one survivor off Florida.
March 6
U.S. reports jobless rate reached 8.1 percent in February, highest since 1983.
March 9
Obama says he's lifting a ban on federal money for embryonic stem cell research.
March 10
Shooting spree in southern Alabama leaves 10 dead, including gunman.
March 11
German prosecutors charge retired Ohio auto worker John Demjanjuk with more than 29,000 counts of accessory to murder for his time as a Nazi camp guard.
Teen goes on shooting spree, starting at a school in Winnenden, Germany, and kills 15 people before committing suicide.
March 12
Insurance broker announces Chicago's Sears Tower will be renamed Willis Tower.
Iraqi journalist who threw shoes at President George W. Bush gets three-year sentence.
March 16
Austrian Josef Fritzl pleads guilty to imprisoning his daughter for 24 years and fathering her seven children.
March 17
Seattle Post-Intelligencer publishes final print edition.
March 18
Chief of bailed-out insurance giant AIG grilled by furious lawmakers over $165 million in bonuses; some executives volunteer to return money.
Actress Natasha Richardson, 45, dies after skiing accident.
March 21
Man wanted for violating parole kills four police officers in Oakland, Calif.
March 22
Plane headed to Montana ski resort nose-dives into cemetery short of runway, killing all 14 aboard, including seven children.
March 27
Suicide bomber destroys Pakistan mosque, killing at least 48.
March 29
General Motors CEO Rick Wagoner resigns under White House pressure.
Gunman kills seven residents of North Carolina nursing home and a nurse.
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APRIL
April 3
Shooting at immigrant center in Binghamton, N.Y., kills 14, including gunman.
Iowa Supreme Court unanimously legalizes gay marriage.
U.S. reports unemployment reached 8.5 percent in March, highest in quarter-century.
April 4
Gunman kills three Pittsburgh police officers responding to call by his mother, who wanted him removed from home.
April 5
North Korea launches long-range rocket toward Pacific Ocean.
April 7
Vermont becomes fourth state to legalize gay marriage after Legislature overrides governor's veto.
Charges dismissed against former U.S. Sen. Ted Stevens of Alaska.
April 8
Somali pirates hijack U.S.-flagged Maersk Alabama and take captain hostage.
April 9
Los Angeles Angels pitcher Nick Adenhart killed in car crash by a suspected drunken driver.
Kim Jong Il re-elected as North Korean leader.
April 10
Sunday school teacher Melissa Huckaby arrested in connection with death of 8-year-old California girl whose body was found in suitcase.
April 12
American ship captain Richard Phillips rescued from Somali pirates.
Angel Cabrera of Argentina wins golf's Masters.
April 13
Music producer Phil Spector found guilty of second-degree murder in shooting of actress Lana Clarkson; later sentenced to 19 years to life in prison.
April 15
Army soldier convicted of murder in 2007 deaths of four bound and blindfolded Iraqis and sentenced to life in prison.
April 20
Medical student Philip Markoff arrested in death of masseuse he met through Craigslist.
April 22
FDA says 17-year-old girls can get ''morning after'' birth control without prescription.
April 25
Bea Arthur, star of TV shows ''Maude'' and ''The Golden Girls,'' dies at 86.
April 27
Low-flying plane, later determined to be an Air Force One jet, panics New Yorkers.
General Motors announces plans to cut 21,000 hourly jobs and scrap Pontiac brand.
April 28
U.S. Sen. Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania defects from Republican Party, joins Democrats.
April 29
CDC says swine flu killed 23-month-old Mexican child in Texas; first swine flu death in U.S.
April 30
Chrysler files for bankruptcy; federal government pledges up to $8 billion in additional aid and to back warranties.
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MAY
May 1
Supreme Court Justice David Souter says he's retiring, effective in late June.
May 2
Jack Kemp, former quarterback, congressman and vice presidential nominee, dies at 73.
U.S. warplane in Afghanistan kills estimated 78 Taliban fighters and 26 civilians, prompting investigation.
May 5
Texas health officials confirm first death of U.S. resident with swine flu.
May 6
Governor signs bill making Maine fifth state to legalize gay marriage; law is later overturned by public vote.
May 7
Jury convicts former soldier of raping and killing 14-year-old Iraqi girl after slaying her family.
Former Illinois police Sgt. Drew Peterson indicted on murder charge in death of third wife.
May 11
Defense Secretary Robert Gates names Lt. Gen. Stanley McChrystal top military commander in Afghanistan, replacing Gen. David McKiernan.
May 12
Five Miami men convicted in plot to blow up FBI buildings and Chicago's Sears Tower.
May 14
Chrysler announces intent to eliminate 789 dealerships as part of restructuring.
May 15
General Motors tells about 1,100 dealers their franchises will be terminated.
May 20
Suspended NFL star Michael Vick released from prison to begin two months' home confinement.
May 21
Sherpa guide breaks his own record, reaching summit of Mount Everest a 19th time.
May 23
Former South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun, 62, leaps to his death amid widening corruption scandal.
May 26
Obama nominates Sonia Sotomayor to be first Hispanic Supreme Court justice.
California's Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8 gay marriage ban.
May 28
Kavya Shivashankar, 13-year-old from Kansas, spells ''laodicean'' (indifference to religion) to win the Scripps National Spelling Bee.
May 29
Jay Leno leaves NBC's ''Tonight Show'' after 17 years.
May 30
Susan Boyle places second on ''Britain's Got Talent'' and is admitted to a medical clinic the next day.
May 31
George Tiller, rare provider of late-term abortions, is shot and killed in Kansas church.
Millvina Dean, last living Titanic survivor, dies at 97.
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JUNE
June 1
Air France Flight 447, carrying 228 people, disappears in thunderstorms over Atlantic following automated reports of failing systems and conflicting speeds.
General Motors becomes largest U.S. industrial company to enter bankruptcy.
Conan O'Brien debuts as ''Tonight Show'' host.
June 3
New Hampshire becomes sixth state to legalize gay marriage.
June 4
A retired State Department worker and his wife are arrested on charges of spying for Cuba for three decades.
June 7
Roger Federer wins his first French Open.
''Billy Elliot'' wins 10 Tony Awards.
June 8
North Korea's highest court sentences American journalists Laura Ling and Euna Lee to 12 years' hard labor for trespassing and ''hostile acts.''
June 10
Gunman opens fire at U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, killing a guard.
Donald Trump dismisses Miss California USA Carrie Prejean.
June 11
With swine flu reported in more than 70 nations, World Health Organization declares first global flu pandemic in 41 years.
June 12
U.S. television stations end analog broadcasts.
Congress approves legislation banning ''light'' or candy-flavored cigarettes and requiring tobacco companies to make bigger warning labels and run fewer ads.
U.N. Security Council sanctions North Korea for nuclear test.
Pittsburgh Penguins defeat Detroit Red Wings 2-1 to win Stanley Cup.
June 14
Los Angeles Lakers win 15th NBA title in 99-86 Game 5 victory over the Orlando Magic.
June 16
The New York Times reports former baseball star Sammy Sosa tested positive for performance-enhancing drug in 2003.
June 17
U.N. announces economic downturn has led to 1 in 6 people going hungry.
Nevada Sen. John Ensign resigns from GOP leadership a day after admitting affair with former campaign staffer.
Obama extends some benefits to same-sex partners of federal employees.
June 18
$106 billion in emergency war funding passed by Congress provides no money for closing Guantanamo but creates ''cash for clunkers'' program.
June 19
Taken hostage seven months earlier, Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times reporter David S. Rohde and Afghan journalist Tahir Ludin escape Pakistani compound.
June 20
Amateur video of 27-year-old Iranian music student Neda Agha Soltan bleeding to death on street during election protests turns her into opposition icon.
Truck bomb kills 72 worshippers leaving Shiite mosque in northern Iraq, wounds nearly 200.
June 22
Washington commuter train rear-ends another during rush hour, killing nine.
Chris Brown pleads guilty to felony assault of ex-girlfriend Rihanna; later sentenced to probation and community labor.
Kate Gosselin, star of ''Jon & Kate Plus 8,'' files for divorce, and TLC announces hiatus the next day.
June 23
''Tonight Show'' sidekick Ed McMahon dies at 86.
June 24
South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford admits secretly flying to Argentina to visit mistress during mysterious absence.
Plans announced to double Academy Award best picture nominees to 10 for 2010 ceremony.
June 25
Michael Jackson dies at 50 while on verge of comeback tour.
''Charlie's Angels'' star Farrah Fawcett dies at 62.
June 28
TV pitchman Billy Mays, 50, dies at his Florida home of heart disease.
June 29
U.S. completes withdrawal of its combat troops from cities in Iraq.
Bernard Madoff gets 150-year sentence for multibillion-dollar fraud.
U.S. Supreme Court rules white firefighters in New Haven, Conn., were denied promotion because of their race.
June 30
Former ''Saturday Night Live'' comedian Al Franken declared winner of Minnesota's eight-month recount; defeats Republican Norm Coleman for U.S. Senate seat.
July 1
"A Streetcar Named Desire" actor Karl Malden dies at 97.
July 3
Sarah Palin announces she will resign as Alaska governor, effective July 26.
July 4
Former NFL quarterback Steve McNair fatally shot by woman who then kills herself.
Statue of Liberty crown reopens to tourists for first time since Sept. 11, 2001.
Serena Williams beats sister Venus for third Wimbledon title.
July 6
Robert McNamara, Pentagon chief who directed escalation of Vietnam War despite private doubts, dies at 93.
July 8
Leaders of world's richest countries pledge to dramatically cut greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
South Korea blames North Korea for cyber attacks targeting Web sites in U.S. and South Korea.
July 13
German prosecutors formally charge retired U.S. auto worker John Demjanjuk with 27,900 counts of accessory to murder.
July 17
Walter Cronkite, premier TV anchorman of networks' golden age, dies at 92.
July 22
Obama says police "acted stupidly" in arresting Henry Louis Gates when the black Harvard University scholar was locked of his home.
July 23
Search warrant says Michael Jackson's personal doctor is target of manslaughter probe.
More than 40 New Jersey leaders are arrested in corruption probe.
July 26
Mother drives wrong way on New York highway and crashes into SUV, killing eight people. Toxicology tests show she was drunk and had used marijuana.
July 29
Microsoft and Yahoo announce Internet search partnership.
July 30
Harvard scholar Gates and the officer who arrested him, Sgt. James Crowley, have beers with Obama and Vice President Joe Biden at White House.
July 31
Three Americans jailed in Iran after crossing border from Iraq and later accused of espionage.
___
AUGUST
Aug. 4
Gunman kills three women and himself in suburban Pittsburgh health club. Diary mentions decades of rejection by women.
Aug. 5
Former President Bill Clinton brings home two U.S. journalists after they were pardoned for entering North Korea illegally.
Aug. 6
Sonia Sotomayor confirmed as first Hispanic Supreme Court justice.
John Hughes, director of "Sixteen Candles" and "The Breakfast Club," dies at 59.
Aug. 7
Leader of Pakistan's Taliban, Baitullah Mehsud, dies in CIA missile strike.
Aug. 8
Small plane, helicopter carrying Italian tourists collide above Hudson River, killing all nine people aboard both.
Aug. 11
Special Olympics founder Eunice Kennedy Shriver dies at 88.
Aug. 13
Philadelphia Eagles sign Michael Vick to a one-year deal, prompting criticism from animal rights activists.
Aug. 17
Publisher of Reader's Digest announces plans to seek bankruptcy protection.
Aug. 19
Four members of elite Army special operations unit die when helicopter crashes on Colorado mountain during training mission.
"60 Minutes" creator Don Hewitt dies at 86.
Aug. 20
Reality TV ex-contestant Ryan Jenkins charged with murdering former wife in California, is later found dead of an apparent suicide.
Ex-NY Giant Plaxico Burress pleads guilty to weapons charge, agrees to two-year prison term.
Aug. 21
Lutheran leaders OK sexually active gays in committed relationships to serve as clergy.
Aug. 24
Coroner rules Michael Jackson's death a homicide.
Aug. 25
U.S. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy dies of brain cancer.
Aug. 27
Jaycee Lee Dugard, kidnapped when she was 11, is found alive 18 years after her California abduction.
Aug. 28
Celebrity disc jockey Adam Goldstein, known as DJ AM, found dead in his New York apartment.
Aug. 29
Eight people die at a mobile home in southeastern Georgia; family member who reported deaths is charged with murder.
Aug. 31
Walt Disney Co. announces $4 billion acquisition of comic book giant Marvel Entertainment.
___
SEPTEMBER
Sept. 2
Pfizer agrees to record $2.3 billion settlement for illegal drug promotion.
Sept. 3
Funeral held for Michael Jackson.
Sept. 9
During Obama's speech to Congress on health care, U.S. Rep. Joe Wilson of South Carolina shouts "You lie!" when the president says illegal immigrants won't be covered.
Fox announces Ellen DeGeneres will be fourth judge on "American Idol."
Sept. 10
Obama accepts apology after Wilson expresses regret for his "lack of civility."
Sept. 11
World's oldest-known person dies at 115 in California.
Sept. 12
Serena Williams launches profane tirade at line judge during the U.S. Open semifinals after being called out for foot fault.
Sept. 13
Body of missing Yale grad student is found in lab wall on what would have been her wedding day. A lab technician is later charged in her death.
Kanye West upstages Taylor Swift's acceptance speech at the MTV Video Music Awards to say Beyonce should have won for best female video instead.
Sept. 14
"Dirty Dancing" star Patrick Swayze dies of pancreatic cancer at 57.
Sept. 15
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke says the worst recession since the 1930s is probably over.
Sept. 18
Final episode of "Guiding Light" airs, ending 72-year run.
Sept. 23
Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi calls U.N. Security Council a "terror council" and accuses it of treating smaller nations as "second class" during rambling speech in New York.
Sept. 27
Director Roman Polanski is taken into Swiss custody for his 1977 U.S. sex crime conviction.
William Safire, Pulitzer Prize-winning conservative columnist and former Nixon speechwriter, dies at 79.
Sept. 29
Ex-Democratic fundraiser Norman Hsu gets more than 24 years in prison for campaign finance violations.
New York City terrorism suspect Najibullah Zazi pleads not guilty to conspiring to use weapons of mass destruction in what authorities say was a planned attack on commuter trains.
___
OCTOBER
Oct. 1
"Late Show" host David Letterman acknowledges sexual relationships with female employees as "48 Hours Mystery" producer Joe Halderman is charged in an alleged blackmail plot.
Oct. 2
Rio de Janeiro wins bid for 2016 Summer Olympics; Chicago is eliminated in first round.
Oct. 7
Fashion and celebrity photographer Irving Penn dies at 92.
Oct. 9
Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize.
"Spiritual cleansing" at sweat lodge in Arizona leads to 3 deaths, more than a dozen illnesses.
Oct. 13
Bloomberg agrees to buy BusinessWeek magazine from McGraw-Hill.
Oct. 15
Report of 6-year-old boy flying inside a helium balloon captivates nation before boy is found safe at home; his parents later plead guilty to filing false report.
Oct. 16
Pigs in Minnesota test positive for the H1N1 virus, the first U.S. cases in swine.
Federal deficit reaches all-time high of $1.42 trillion.
Oct. 21
Northwest Airlines jet overshoots Minneapolis airport by 150 miles; pilots say they were talking about schedules.
Massachusetts man accused of providing support to terrorists by conspiring to kill two prominent U.S. politicians and shoot shoppers at American malls.
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jack Nelson of the Los Angeles Times dies at 80.
Oct. 23
Bank closings hit 100 for year.
Oct. 27
Madoff colleague Jeffry M. Picower drowns in Florida after heart attack.
Oct. 28
Sports Illustrated excerpts of eight-time Grand Slam champion Andre Agassi's autobiography reveals he ingested crystal meth in 1997.
Oct. 29
Cleveland police discover first remains of 11 slain women on the property of registered sex offender Anthony Sowell.
___
NOVEMBER
Nov. 1
Lender CIT Group files one of the biggest Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings in U.S. corporate history.
Three North Dakota college softball players believed to be on a stargazing trip drive SUV into pond and drown.
Nov. 3
Republicans in New Jersey and Virginia unseat Democratic governors; Maine residents narrowly vote down same-sex marriage law. Democrat wins upstate New York congressional seat held by Republicans for decades.
Nov. 4
New York Yankees beat Philadelphia Phillies to win their 27th World Series.
Nov. 5
Shooting at Fort Hood Army post leaves 13 people dead and 29 injured.
Nov. 6
U.S. unemployment rate hits double-digit percentage — 10.2 — for second time since World War II.
Nov. 7
House narrowly passes landmark health care changes.
Nov. 9
Dow reaches highest level in more than a year as falling dollar boosts prices for gold, oil and other commodities.
Nov. 10
John Allen Muhammad, mastermind of 2002 sniper attacks that killed 10 in Washington, D.C., region, is executed.
Nov. 11
Longtime CNN host Lou Dobbs announces he is leaving the network.
Taylor Swift named entertainer of the year at the Country Music Association Awards.
Nov. 12
Maj. Nidal Hasan is charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder in the Fort Hood massacre.
Nov. 13
Analysis of data from spacecraft NASA intentionally crashed into the moon shows ample water near lunar south pole.
After botched execution in September, Ohio becomes first state to switch from three-drug lethal cocktail to one-drug method.
Nov. 16
U.S. government health task force suggests most women wait until age 50 to get mammograms and then have one every two years, a major reversal that challenges the American Cancer Society's advice to start getting mammograms at 40.
Nov. 17
Sarah Palin's autobiography "Going Rogue" is released; 1 million copies sell in less than two weeks.
Twin Bangladeshi girls who were joined at the top of their heads are separated in Australia after 25 hours of surgery.
Nov. 18
Actor Johnny Depp named "Sexiest Man Alive" by People magazine.
Nov. 19
Oprah Winfrey's production company announces her daytime talk show will end in 2011 after 25 seasons.
Nov. 20
"The Twilight Saga: New Moon" takes in $72.7 million to break the single-day domestic box office record held by "The Dark Knight."
Nov. 21
Gas explosion in northern Chinese mine kills at least 108.
Computer hackers break into server at a climate change research center in Britain and post hundreds of private e-mails and documents online, stoking debate over whether scientists have overstated case for man-made climate change.
Nov. 22
Michael Jackson posthumously wins a record four American Music Awards; Taylor Swift is named artist of the year; Adam Lambert's sexually provocative performance draws complaints.
Nov. 23
Susan Boyle's first album, "I Dreamed a Dream," sells more than 700,000 copies in its first week to become top debut of 2009.
Nov. 24
Gate-crashers Tareq and Michaele Salahi attend Obama's first White House state dinner uninvited, leading to Secret Service investigation.
Kentucky officials say census worker found bound and hanging from tree with "fed" scrawled across his chest committed suicide.
Nov. 26
Man dies after being stuck upside down in Utah cave for more than a day.
Nov. 27
Tiger Woods crashes SUV outside his Florida mansion, sparking widespread attention to reports of marital infidelity.
Clintons announce daughter Chelsea's engagement to longtime boyfriend.
Nov. 29
Gunman kills four police officers in Washington coffeehouse in what authorities call a targeted ambush, then is shot dead two days later.
Nov. 30
The Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest atom smasher, breaks world record for proton acceleration.
Serena Williams fined a record $82,500 for tirade at U.S. Open line judge.
___
DECEMBER
Dec. 1
Obama orders 30,000 more U.S. troops into the war in Afghanistan but promises to begin withdrawal in 18 months.
Dec. 3
Comcast and GE announce joint venture plans, with Comcast owning a 51 percent controlling stake in NBC Universal.
Dec. 5
Nightclub blaze in Perm, Russia, kills more than 140 people.
American college student Amanda Knox and former boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito convicted in Italy of murdering Meredith Kercher, her British roommate.
Dec. 7
Federal authorities charge that David Coleman Headley of Chicago scouted potential terrorist targets during five trips to Mumbai before attacks there in November 2008 left 166 people dead.
Dec. 8
String of bombs in Iraq kills 127 people, injures more than 500, damages ministry buildings and flattens courthouse in Baghdad.
Dec. 10
New estimates reveal swine flu has killed nearly 10,000 Americans and sickened nearly 50 million, suggesting about 1 in 6 Americans have had the illness.
China overtakes U.S. as the world's biggest market for automobiles.
Illinois insurance executive pleads guilty to interstate stalking after secretly making nude videos of ESPN reporter Erin Andrews.
Dec. 12
Houston becomes largest U.S. city to elect openly gay mayor.
Dec. 15
Washington, D.C., council votes to legalize gay marriage.
Evangelist Oral Roberts dies at 91.
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
JANUARY
Jan. 1
Sixty-six New Year's revelers die and more than 200 are injured in a fire at a Bangkok nightclub.
Longtime Rhode Island Sen. Claiborne Pell, creator of Pell Grants, dies at 90.
Jan. 5
New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson withdraws his nomination to be commerce secretary.
Jan. 8
Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine becomes chairman of Democratic National Committee.
Jan. 9
Rod Blagojevich becomes first Illinois governor to be impeached.
Son of Liberian ex-president Charles Taylor gets 97 years in prison in torture case.
Jan. 12
President George W. Bush asks Congress to release remaining $350 billion in bailout money.
Jan. 15
Roland Burris sworn in as U.S. senator, chosen by embattled Illinois Gov. Blagojevich to take President-elect Barack Obama's former seat.
US Airways jet crash-lands in Hudson River after striking birds. All 155 people aboard survive.
Jan. 16
Painter Andrew Wyeth dies at 91.
Jan. 20
Obama sworn in as 44th president.
Jan. 23
New York Gov. David Paterson chooses Democratic Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand to fill Senate seat vacated by Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Jan. 26
Nadya Suleman gives birth in California to world's longest-surviving set of octuplets.
Jan. 29
Blagojevich convicted at impeachment trial and barred from office. Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn sworn in as Illinois governor.
Jan. 30
Michael Steele elected first black chairman of Republican National Committee.
Jan. 31
More than 100 people die in Molo, Kenya, after overturned gasoline tanker catches fire.
------
FEBRUARY
Feb. 1
Pittsburgh Steelers defeat Arizona Cardinals 27-23 to win Super Bowl XLIII.
Feb. 3
Eric Holder becomes first black U.S. attorney general.
Feb. 4
Obama imposes $500,000 cap on executive pay for companies receiving federal bailout money.
Feb. 5
USA Swimming suspends Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps for three months after photo showing him inhaling from marijuana pipe becomes public.
Feb. 8
Robert Plant and Alison Krauss win album of the year Grammy for ''Raising Sand.''
Feb. 9
New York Yankee Alex Rodriguez admits he used performance-enhancing drugs from 2001 to 2003.
Feb. 11
President Robert Mugabe swears in longtime rival Morgan Tsvangirai as Zimbabwe's prime minister.
All-Star shortstop Miguel Tejada pleads guilty to lying to Congress about steroids in baseball.
Rep. John Dingell of Michigan becomes longest-serving member of U.S. House.
Feb. 12
Commuter plane crashes into a Buffalo, N.Y., home, killing all 49 aboard and a person in the house.
Feb. 13
Virginia-based Peanut Corp. of America files for bankruptcy after salmonella outbreak.
Feb. 17
Obama signs $787 billion economic rescue plan.
Feb. 20
Dow Jones industrial average ends week at 7365, lowest level in more than six years.
Feb. 22
The late actor Heath Ledger wins best supporting actor Oscar for ''The Dark Knight''; ''Slumdog Millionaire'' wins best picture.
Mine blast in northern China kills 77.
Feb. 26
Pentagon says it will allow some media coverage of returning war dead, with family approval.
Feb. 27
Obama announces plan to pull all U.S. combat brigades out of Iraq by August 2010.
The Rocky Mountain News ceases publishing; last edition goes on sale.
------
MARCH
March 2
Obama appoints Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius as secretary of health and human services.
The Coast Guard, searching for a boat carrying NFL players Marquis Cooper and Corey Smith and two others, finds overturned boat and one survivor off Florida.
March 6
U.S. reports jobless rate reached 8.1 percent in February, highest since 1983.
March 9
Obama says he's lifting a ban on federal money for embryonic stem cell research.
March 10
Shooting spree in southern Alabama leaves 10 dead, including gunman.
March 11
German prosecutors charge retired Ohio auto worker John Demjanjuk with more than 29,000 counts of accessory to murder for his time as a Nazi camp guard.
Teen goes on shooting spree, starting at a school in Winnenden, Germany, and kills 15 people before committing suicide.
March 12
Insurance broker announces Chicago's Sears Tower will be renamed Willis Tower.
Iraqi journalist who threw shoes at President George W. Bush gets three-year sentence.
March 16
Austrian Josef Fritzl pleads guilty to imprisoning his daughter for 24 years and fathering her seven children.
March 17
Seattle Post-Intelligencer publishes final print edition.
March 18
Chief of bailed-out insurance giant AIG grilled by furious lawmakers over $165 million in bonuses; some executives volunteer to return money.
Actress Natasha Richardson, 45, dies after skiing accident.
March 21
Man wanted for violating parole kills four police officers in Oakland, Calif.
March 22
Plane headed to Montana ski resort nose-dives into cemetery short of runway, killing all 14 aboard, including seven children.
March 27
Suicide bomber destroys Pakistan mosque, killing at least 48.
March 29
General Motors CEO Rick Wagoner resigns under White House pressure.
Gunman kills seven residents of North Carolina nursing home and a nurse.
--------
APRIL
April 3
Shooting at immigrant center in Binghamton, N.Y., kills 14, including gunman.
Iowa Supreme Court unanimously legalizes gay marriage.
U.S. reports unemployment reached 8.5 percent in March, highest in quarter-century.
April 4
Gunman kills three Pittsburgh police officers responding to call by his mother, who wanted him removed from home.
April 5
North Korea launches long-range rocket toward Pacific Ocean.
April 7
Vermont becomes fourth state to legalize gay marriage after Legislature overrides governor's veto.
Charges dismissed against former U.S. Sen. Ted Stevens of Alaska.
April 8
Somali pirates hijack U.S.-flagged Maersk Alabama and take captain hostage.
April 9
Los Angeles Angels pitcher Nick Adenhart killed in car crash by a suspected drunken driver.
Kim Jong Il re-elected as North Korean leader.
April 10
Sunday school teacher Melissa Huckaby arrested in connection with death of 8-year-old California girl whose body was found in suitcase.
April 12
American ship captain Richard Phillips rescued from Somali pirates.
Angel Cabrera of Argentina wins golf's Masters.
April 13
Music producer Phil Spector found guilty of second-degree murder in shooting of actress Lana Clarkson; later sentenced to 19 years to life in prison.
April 15
Army soldier convicted of murder in 2007 deaths of four bound and blindfolded Iraqis and sentenced to life in prison.
April 20
Medical student Philip Markoff arrested in death of masseuse he met through Craigslist.
April 22
FDA says 17-year-old girls can get ''morning after'' birth control without prescription.
April 25
Bea Arthur, star of TV shows ''Maude'' and ''The Golden Girls,'' dies at 86.
April 27
Low-flying plane, later determined to be an Air Force One jet, panics New Yorkers.
General Motors announces plans to cut 21,000 hourly jobs and scrap Pontiac brand.
April 28
U.S. Sen. Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania defects from Republican Party, joins Democrats.
April 29
CDC says swine flu killed 23-month-old Mexican child in Texas; first swine flu death in U.S.
April 30
Chrysler files for bankruptcy; federal government pledges up to $8 billion in additional aid and to back warranties.
------
MAY
May 1
Supreme Court Justice David Souter says he's retiring, effective in late June.
May 2
Jack Kemp, former quarterback, congressman and vice presidential nominee, dies at 73.
U.S. warplane in Afghanistan kills estimated 78 Taliban fighters and 26 civilians, prompting investigation.
May 5
Texas health officials confirm first death of U.S. resident with swine flu.
May 6
Governor signs bill making Maine fifth state to legalize gay marriage; law is later overturned by public vote.
May 7
Jury convicts former soldier of raping and killing 14-year-old Iraqi girl after slaying her family.
Former Illinois police Sgt. Drew Peterson indicted on murder charge in death of third wife.
May 11
Defense Secretary Robert Gates names Lt. Gen. Stanley McChrystal top military commander in Afghanistan, replacing Gen. David McKiernan.
May 12
Five Miami men convicted in plot to blow up FBI buildings and Chicago's Sears Tower.
May 14
Chrysler announces intent to eliminate 789 dealerships as part of restructuring.
May 15
General Motors tells about 1,100 dealers their franchises will be terminated.
May 20
Suspended NFL star Michael Vick released from prison to begin two months' home confinement.
May 21
Sherpa guide breaks his own record, reaching summit of Mount Everest a 19th time.
May 23
Former South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun, 62, leaps to his death amid widening corruption scandal.
May 26
Obama nominates Sonia Sotomayor to be first Hispanic Supreme Court justice.
California's Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8 gay marriage ban.
May 28
Kavya Shivashankar, 13-year-old from Kansas, spells ''laodicean'' (indifference to religion) to win the Scripps National Spelling Bee.
May 29
Jay Leno leaves NBC's ''Tonight Show'' after 17 years.
May 30
Susan Boyle places second on ''Britain's Got Talent'' and is admitted to a medical clinic the next day.
May 31
George Tiller, rare provider of late-term abortions, is shot and killed in Kansas church.
Millvina Dean, last living Titanic survivor, dies at 97.
------
JUNE
June 1
Air France Flight 447, carrying 228 people, disappears in thunderstorms over Atlantic following automated reports of failing systems and conflicting speeds.
General Motors becomes largest U.S. industrial company to enter bankruptcy.
Conan O'Brien debuts as ''Tonight Show'' host.
June 3
New Hampshire becomes sixth state to legalize gay marriage.
June 4
A retired State Department worker and his wife are arrested on charges of spying for Cuba for three decades.
June 7
Roger Federer wins his first French Open.
''Billy Elliot'' wins 10 Tony Awards.
June 8
North Korea's highest court sentences American journalists Laura Ling and Euna Lee to 12 years' hard labor for trespassing and ''hostile acts.''
June 10
Gunman opens fire at U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, killing a guard.
Donald Trump dismisses Miss California USA Carrie Prejean.
June 11
With swine flu reported in more than 70 nations, World Health Organization declares first global flu pandemic in 41 years.
June 12
U.S. television stations end analog broadcasts.
Congress approves legislation banning ''light'' or candy-flavored cigarettes and requiring tobacco companies to make bigger warning labels and run fewer ads.
U.N. Security Council sanctions North Korea for nuclear test.
Pittsburgh Penguins defeat Detroit Red Wings 2-1 to win Stanley Cup.
June 14
Los Angeles Lakers win 15th NBA title in 99-86 Game 5 victory over the Orlando Magic.
June 16
The New York Times reports former baseball star Sammy Sosa tested positive for performance-enhancing drug in 2003.
June 17
U.N. announces economic downturn has led to 1 in 6 people going hungry.
Nevada Sen. John Ensign resigns from GOP leadership a day after admitting affair with former campaign staffer.
Obama extends some benefits to same-sex partners of federal employees.
June 18
$106 billion in emergency war funding passed by Congress provides no money for closing Guantanamo but creates ''cash for clunkers'' program.
June 19
Taken hostage seven months earlier, Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times reporter David S. Rohde and Afghan journalist Tahir Ludin escape Pakistani compound.
June 20
Amateur video of 27-year-old Iranian music student Neda Agha Soltan bleeding to death on street during election protests turns her into opposition icon.
Truck bomb kills 72 worshippers leaving Shiite mosque in northern Iraq, wounds nearly 200.
June 22
Washington commuter train rear-ends another during rush hour, killing nine.
Chris Brown pleads guilty to felony assault of ex-girlfriend Rihanna; later sentenced to probation and community labor.
Kate Gosselin, star of ''Jon & Kate Plus 8,'' files for divorce, and TLC announces hiatus the next day.
June 23
''Tonight Show'' sidekick Ed McMahon dies at 86.
June 24
South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford admits secretly flying to Argentina to visit mistress during mysterious absence.
Plans announced to double Academy Award best picture nominees to 10 for 2010 ceremony.
June 25
Michael Jackson dies at 50 while on verge of comeback tour.
''Charlie's Angels'' star Farrah Fawcett dies at 62.
June 28
TV pitchman Billy Mays, 50, dies at his Florida home of heart disease.
June 29
U.S. completes withdrawal of its combat troops from cities in Iraq.
Bernard Madoff gets 150-year sentence for multibillion-dollar fraud.
U.S. Supreme Court rules white firefighters in New Haven, Conn., were denied promotion because of their race.
June 30
Former ''Saturday Night Live'' comedian Al Franken declared winner of Minnesota's eight-month recount; defeats Republican Norm Coleman for U.S. Senate seat.
July 1
"A Streetcar Named Desire" actor Karl Malden dies at 97.
July 3
Sarah Palin announces she will resign as Alaska governor, effective July 26.
July 4
Former NFL quarterback Steve McNair fatally shot by woman who then kills herself.
Statue of Liberty crown reopens to tourists for first time since Sept. 11, 2001.
Serena Williams beats sister Venus for third Wimbledon title.
July 6
Robert McNamara, Pentagon chief who directed escalation of Vietnam War despite private doubts, dies at 93.
July 8
Leaders of world's richest countries pledge to dramatically cut greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
South Korea blames North Korea for cyber attacks targeting Web sites in U.S. and South Korea.
July 13
German prosecutors formally charge retired U.S. auto worker John Demjanjuk with 27,900 counts of accessory to murder.
July 17
Walter Cronkite, premier TV anchorman of networks' golden age, dies at 92.
July 22
Obama says police "acted stupidly" in arresting Henry Louis Gates when the black Harvard University scholar was locked of his home.
July 23
Search warrant says Michael Jackson's personal doctor is target of manslaughter probe.
More than 40 New Jersey leaders are arrested in corruption probe.
July 26
Mother drives wrong way on New York highway and crashes into SUV, killing eight people. Toxicology tests show she was drunk and had used marijuana.
July 29
Microsoft and Yahoo announce Internet search partnership.
July 30
Harvard scholar Gates and the officer who arrested him, Sgt. James Crowley, have beers with Obama and Vice President Joe Biden at White House.
July 31
Three Americans jailed in Iran after crossing border from Iraq and later accused of espionage.
___
AUGUST
Aug. 4
Gunman kills three women and himself in suburban Pittsburgh health club. Diary mentions decades of rejection by women.
Aug. 5
Former President Bill Clinton brings home two U.S. journalists after they were pardoned for entering North Korea illegally.
Aug. 6
Sonia Sotomayor confirmed as first Hispanic Supreme Court justice.
John Hughes, director of "Sixteen Candles" and "The Breakfast Club," dies at 59.
Aug. 7
Leader of Pakistan's Taliban, Baitullah Mehsud, dies in CIA missile strike.
Aug. 8
Small plane, helicopter carrying Italian tourists collide above Hudson River, killing all nine people aboard both.
Aug. 11
Special Olympics founder Eunice Kennedy Shriver dies at 88.
Aug. 13
Philadelphia Eagles sign Michael Vick to a one-year deal, prompting criticism from animal rights activists.
Aug. 17
Publisher of Reader's Digest announces plans to seek bankruptcy protection.
Aug. 19
Four members of elite Army special operations unit die when helicopter crashes on Colorado mountain during training mission.
"60 Minutes" creator Don Hewitt dies at 86.
Aug. 20
Reality TV ex-contestant Ryan Jenkins charged with murdering former wife in California, is later found dead of an apparent suicide.
Ex-NY Giant Plaxico Burress pleads guilty to weapons charge, agrees to two-year prison term.
Aug. 21
Lutheran leaders OK sexually active gays in committed relationships to serve as clergy.
Aug. 24
Coroner rules Michael Jackson's death a homicide.
Aug. 25
U.S. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy dies of brain cancer.
Aug. 27
Jaycee Lee Dugard, kidnapped when she was 11, is found alive 18 years after her California abduction.
Aug. 28
Celebrity disc jockey Adam Goldstein, known as DJ AM, found dead in his New York apartment.
Aug. 29
Eight people die at a mobile home in southeastern Georgia; family member who reported deaths is charged with murder.
Aug. 31
Walt Disney Co. announces $4 billion acquisition of comic book giant Marvel Entertainment.
___
SEPTEMBER
Sept. 2
Pfizer agrees to record $2.3 billion settlement for illegal drug promotion.
Sept. 3
Funeral held for Michael Jackson.
Sept. 9
During Obama's speech to Congress on health care, U.S. Rep. Joe Wilson of South Carolina shouts "You lie!" when the president says illegal immigrants won't be covered.
Fox announces Ellen DeGeneres will be fourth judge on "American Idol."
Sept. 10
Obama accepts apology after Wilson expresses regret for his "lack of civility."
Sept. 11
World's oldest-known person dies at 115 in California.
Sept. 12
Serena Williams launches profane tirade at line judge during the U.S. Open semifinals after being called out for foot fault.
Sept. 13
Body of missing Yale grad student is found in lab wall on what would have been her wedding day. A lab technician is later charged in her death.
Kanye West upstages Taylor Swift's acceptance speech at the MTV Video Music Awards to say Beyonce should have won for best female video instead.
Sept. 14
"Dirty Dancing" star Patrick Swayze dies of pancreatic cancer at 57.
Sept. 15
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke says the worst recession since the 1930s is probably over.
Sept. 18
Final episode of "Guiding Light" airs, ending 72-year run.
Sept. 23
Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi calls U.N. Security Council a "terror council" and accuses it of treating smaller nations as "second class" during rambling speech in New York.
Sept. 27
Director Roman Polanski is taken into Swiss custody for his 1977 U.S. sex crime conviction.
William Safire, Pulitzer Prize-winning conservative columnist and former Nixon speechwriter, dies at 79.
Sept. 29
Ex-Democratic fundraiser Norman Hsu gets more than 24 years in prison for campaign finance violations.
New York City terrorism suspect Najibullah Zazi pleads not guilty to conspiring to use weapons of mass destruction in what authorities say was a planned attack on commuter trains.
___
OCTOBER
Oct. 1
"Late Show" host David Letterman acknowledges sexual relationships with female employees as "48 Hours Mystery" producer Joe Halderman is charged in an alleged blackmail plot.
Oct. 2
Rio de Janeiro wins bid for 2016 Summer Olympics; Chicago is eliminated in first round.
Oct. 7
Fashion and celebrity photographer Irving Penn dies at 92.
Oct. 9
Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize.
"Spiritual cleansing" at sweat lodge in Arizona leads to 3 deaths, more than a dozen illnesses.
Oct. 13
Bloomberg agrees to buy BusinessWeek magazine from McGraw-Hill.
Oct. 15
Report of 6-year-old boy flying inside a helium balloon captivates nation before boy is found safe at home; his parents later plead guilty to filing false report.
Oct. 16
Pigs in Minnesota test positive for the H1N1 virus, the first U.S. cases in swine.
Federal deficit reaches all-time high of $1.42 trillion.
Oct. 21
Northwest Airlines jet overshoots Minneapolis airport by 150 miles; pilots say they were talking about schedules.
Massachusetts man accused of providing support to terrorists by conspiring to kill two prominent U.S. politicians and shoot shoppers at American malls.
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jack Nelson of the Los Angeles Times dies at 80.
Oct. 23
Bank closings hit 100 for year.
Oct. 27
Madoff colleague Jeffry M. Picower drowns in Florida after heart attack.
Oct. 28
Sports Illustrated excerpts of eight-time Grand Slam champion Andre Agassi's autobiography reveals he ingested crystal meth in 1997.
Oct. 29
Cleveland police discover first remains of 11 slain women on the property of registered sex offender Anthony Sowell.
___
NOVEMBER
Nov. 1
Lender CIT Group files one of the biggest Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings in U.S. corporate history.
Three North Dakota college softball players believed to be on a stargazing trip drive SUV into pond and drown.
Nov. 3
Republicans in New Jersey and Virginia unseat Democratic governors; Maine residents narrowly vote down same-sex marriage law. Democrat wins upstate New York congressional seat held by Republicans for decades.
Nov. 4
New York Yankees beat Philadelphia Phillies to win their 27th World Series.
Nov. 5
Shooting at Fort Hood Army post leaves 13 people dead and 29 injured.
Nov. 6
U.S. unemployment rate hits double-digit percentage — 10.2 — for second time since World War II.
Nov. 7
House narrowly passes landmark health care changes.
Nov. 9
Dow reaches highest level in more than a year as falling dollar boosts prices for gold, oil and other commodities.
Nov. 10
John Allen Muhammad, mastermind of 2002 sniper attacks that killed 10 in Washington, D.C., region, is executed.
Nov. 11
Longtime CNN host Lou Dobbs announces he is leaving the network.
Taylor Swift named entertainer of the year at the Country Music Association Awards.
Nov. 12
Maj. Nidal Hasan is charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder in the Fort Hood massacre.
Nov. 13
Analysis of data from spacecraft NASA intentionally crashed into the moon shows ample water near lunar south pole.
After botched execution in September, Ohio becomes first state to switch from three-drug lethal cocktail to one-drug method.
Nov. 16
U.S. government health task force suggests most women wait until age 50 to get mammograms and then have one every two years, a major reversal that challenges the American Cancer Society's advice to start getting mammograms at 40.
Nov. 17
Sarah Palin's autobiography "Going Rogue" is released; 1 million copies sell in less than two weeks.
Twin Bangladeshi girls who were joined at the top of their heads are separated in Australia after 25 hours of surgery.
Nov. 18
Actor Johnny Depp named "Sexiest Man Alive" by People magazine.
Nov. 19
Oprah Winfrey's production company announces her daytime talk show will end in 2011 after 25 seasons.
Nov. 20
"The Twilight Saga: New Moon" takes in $72.7 million to break the single-day domestic box office record held by "The Dark Knight."
Nov. 21
Gas explosion in northern Chinese mine kills at least 108.
Computer hackers break into server at a climate change research center in Britain and post hundreds of private e-mails and documents online, stoking debate over whether scientists have overstated case for man-made climate change.
Nov. 22
Michael Jackson posthumously wins a record four American Music Awards; Taylor Swift is named artist of the year; Adam Lambert's sexually provocative performance draws complaints.
Nov. 23
Susan Boyle's first album, "I Dreamed a Dream," sells more than 700,000 copies in its first week to become top debut of 2009.
Nov. 24
Gate-crashers Tareq and Michaele Salahi attend Obama's first White House state dinner uninvited, leading to Secret Service investigation.
Kentucky officials say census worker found bound and hanging from tree with "fed" scrawled across his chest committed suicide.
Nov. 26
Man dies after being stuck upside down in Utah cave for more than a day.
Nov. 27
Tiger Woods crashes SUV outside his Florida mansion, sparking widespread attention to reports of marital infidelity.
Clintons announce daughter Chelsea's engagement to longtime boyfriend.
Nov. 29
Gunman kills four police officers in Washington coffeehouse in what authorities call a targeted ambush, then is shot dead two days later.
Nov. 30
The Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest atom smasher, breaks world record for proton acceleration.
Serena Williams fined a record $82,500 for tirade at U.S. Open line judge.
___
DECEMBER
Dec. 1
Obama orders 30,000 more U.S. troops into the war in Afghanistan but promises to begin withdrawal in 18 months.
Dec. 3
Comcast and GE announce joint venture plans, with Comcast owning a 51 percent controlling stake in NBC Universal.
Dec. 5
Nightclub blaze in Perm, Russia, kills more than 140 people.
American college student Amanda Knox and former boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito convicted in Italy of murdering Meredith Kercher, her British roommate.
Dec. 7
Federal authorities charge that David Coleman Headley of Chicago scouted potential terrorist targets during five trips to Mumbai before attacks there in November 2008 left 166 people dead.
Dec. 8
String of bombs in Iraq kills 127 people, injures more than 500, damages ministry buildings and flattens courthouse in Baghdad.
Dec. 10
New estimates reveal swine flu has killed nearly 10,000 Americans and sickened nearly 50 million, suggesting about 1 in 6 Americans have had the illness.
China overtakes U.S. as the world's biggest market for automobiles.
Illinois insurance executive pleads guilty to interstate stalking after secretly making nude videos of ESPN reporter Erin Andrews.
Dec. 12
Houston becomes largest U.S. city to elect openly gay mayor.
Dec. 15
Washington, D.C., council votes to legalize gay marriage.
Evangelist Oral Roberts dies at 91.
RUSSIA Special Report: The long arm of the state
RUSSIA
The long arm of the state
Nov 27th 2008
From The Economist print edition
The financial crisis may lead to renationalisation by stealth
EVEN to someone who has never been to Yekaterinburg, a large industrial city in the Urals, the changes are obvious. Shiny towers of metal and glass have shot up everywhere without order or design, pushing aside historic buildings and making the Soviet-era apartment blocks look even grimmer. At night cranes are lit up like Christmas trees. At eight in the morning heavy traffic, mostly of foreign-made cars, chokes streets that still bear Soviet names. The city’s ultra-modern airport makes Moscow’s look shabby.
Yekaterinburg, traditionally the centre of the mining and metal-bashing industry, is a microcosm of Russia’s economy. Until recently it has been flush with money, mostly from natural resources and cheap credit, spent in sprawling supermarkets, restaurants and car dealerships. Oil, gas and metals make up around 80% of Russia’s exports, and until recently their prices were rising fast. For the past five years the economy has been growing at about 7% a year. Measured in dollars the rise has been much faster. Some of this money has been stashed away into a stabilisation fund, but a large portion has been fuelling an unprecedented consumer boom. Real incomes have more than doubled since 1999 and the growth in retailing has averaged 12% a year.
In a country so long starved of good restaurants, hotels and shops, it was natural that consumers should take a lead role, says Andrei Illarionov, a former economic adviser to Vladimir Putin and now one of his fiercest critics. Besides, there is so much uncertainty around that most people would rather spend than save.
But there has been plenty of capital investment too, though mostly in extractive industries. Fixed investment last year rose by a record 21% on the year before, although it remains relatively low.
Private initiative, freed up by the market reforms of the 1990s, became the main force behind Russia’s economic recovery after the 1998 crisis. Growth was particularly strong in sectors that were not weighed down by any Soviet legacy, such as mobile telecoms. But private ownership was also transforming Soviet-era behemoths.
Proud to be private
One example is Uralelectromed, a large copper producer in the Urals, which is partly owned by Andrei Kozitsyn. In the past five years the company’s revenues have tripled. It has used the money to install a new production line, along with the latest American equipment. To add value, it has begun to produce high-quality wire, which it exports to Europe. “We had to be competitive, otherwise we were meaningless,” says Mr Kozitsyn. Having started as a worker in the factory, he rose to the top because he wanted to be in business. But these days, he says, young people prefer bureaucratic careers.
Tax revenues from his industry provide about 40% of the Ural region’s budget. But the government has used the money to pay higher salaries to its employees, recruit more of them and renovate offices rather than build new roads and railway lines, which companies like Uralelectromed badly need.
Crucially, the government failed to use the good times to diversify the economy, clean up its banking system, reform capital markets, strengthen property rights and establish the rule of law. As long as the oil price was going up, nothing that Russia did—from the overt expropriation of Yukos, a giant Russian oil company, to forcing foreign oil companies out of production-sharing agreements—seemed to stop the flow of money into the Russian stockmarket. The job of raising capital was outsourced to foreign banks and capital markets. They lent money to state companies such as Gazprom and Rosneft whose debts were implicitly backed by the government.
This uncontrolled corporate borrowing undid the government’s success at repaying state debt, building up foreign-exchange reserves and setting up a stabilisation fund in which to accumulate some of the oil revenues. At the end of June Russia’s total external debt was $527 billion. Its total reserves in November were $475 billion.
Mr Putin boasted that the net inflow of capital had reached $80 billion last year and total foreign investment had risen to 9% of Russia’s GDP. But only a quarter of this was foreign direct investment; the rest came in the form of loans and portfolio investments. As Kirill Rogov of the Institute of Economy in Transition, a think-tank, explains, this reflected the strength of Russia’s reserves and the weakness of its investment climate. Whereas other emerging economies were fighting tooth and nail for direct investment, Russia was borrowing cheaply instead, he says.
When the world economy started to wobble, the government increased its spending by 40% to boost consumption, says Evgeny Gavrilenkov, chief economist at Troika Dialog, an investment bank. With demand outpacing supply, the Russian economy started to overheat. Inflation topped 15% during the summer. Held back by red tape, the strong rouble and weak property rights, Russian industrial production grew by 5.4% in the first nine months of this year and imports in the same period shot up by 42%. Yekaterinburg is full of department stores, but hardly anything that is sold in them is produced around there. What is made locally is tanks, exports of which did go up last year.
Even as the Russian stockmarket went into a nosedive, Mr Putin insisted that Russia had escaped the financial crisis. On September 13th, in an interview with France’s Le Figaro, he gloated: “We did not have a crisis of liquidity; we did not have a mortgage crisis [like America or Europe]. We did not have it, we escaped it.”
When the music stopped
But when the oil price started to fall, foreign banks stopped lending and money began to flow out of Russia, it became clear that the economy was more vulnerable and more highly leveraged than many investors had wanted to believe. The cranes in Yekaterinburg, and in many other Russian cities, are now standing idle. Production lines have ground to a halt and metal companies and carmakers have begun to sack workers.
The fall in the stockmarket mattered because Russian firms had borrowed heavily against their shares and faced margin calls from their foreign creditors. Mr Illarionov says this is a “standard” credit and liquidity crisis rather than a budget crisis. Compared with many other countries Russia still has plenty of cash, even if its reserves are dwindling at a worrying rate. Leaving aside the recent spending spree, the country’s overall macroeconomic policy has been sensible. For the past eight years the government has been running budget and current-account surpluses. If growth were to slow down to 3% next year, as some analysts predict, that would still be more than in most countries.
Eyevine
All quiet now in YekaterinburgIgor Shuvalov, the first deputy prime minister, puts a brave face on it: “High oil prices corrupted us, inflated our expenditure and distorted our economy. If this crisis had not happened now, by 2011 the quality of credit portfolios would have been much worse. So it is a blessing. Now we can start the real project, to develop domestic industry and the financial sector.”
In essence Russia’s problems are political, not economic. “We have come to this crisis well prepared,” says Yegor Gaidar, a former prime minister and architect of Russia’s post-Soviet economy. “But now we need to stop nationalising companies and cut down on populism. You can make any argument for nationalisation, but when Russia started to nationalise its oil industry production stopped growing.”
Russia may also need to devalue the rouble. The central bank recently allowed it to depreciate slightly against a basket of currencies, but it still intervenes in the market to defend it. Politically a strong rouble has become a proxy for a resurging Russia and devaluing it or letting it float would hurt Mr Putin’s reputation.
As Mr Rogov explains, it would do no harm if Russia’s highly leveraged oligarchs were to hand over their stakes to foreign creditors, but the Kremlin would not allow this. The risk is that instead of clearing the system and promoting the most efficient firms, the crisis is helping the least efficient. The government is already introducing protectionist measures.
“The crisis itself is less grave than the potential consequences of the government’s actions in solving it,” says Andrei Sharonov, a former deputy economics minister who now works in the private sector. The government has earmarked a total of more than $200 billion for various rescue measures, which as a proportion of GDP is almost three times what the Americans are spending. But in contrast to America, there is little public scrutiny of what the money goes on. The first victims to be rescued by the government were two banks said to be closely linked to senior government officials.
To unblock the banking system, the government deposited $50 billion in three banks, two of which are state-linked. The third used to be controlled by Gazprom and is now owned mostly by private individuals. The idea was that the banks would inject liquidity into the system, but in the event they did not lend the money on to other banks, so now the government decides whom they should lend to.
Another $50 billion of the rescue money was earmarked for bailing out “strategic” companies. At the front of the queue were Russia’s largest oil and gas companies, including the state-controlled Gazprom and Rosneft. Igor Sechin, the powerful deputy prime minister in charge of energy, seems to have promised $9 billion of government money to energy companies. Half of it will go to Rosneft, which has a debt of $20 billion that goes back to its controversial takeover of the Yukos oil company. Mr Sechin is also the chairman of Rosneft and, says Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the former boss of Yukos (and now in jail), the man who destroyed his company.
Next came electricity companies, carmakers and anyone else who could think of a good reason to ask for help. As one Russian oligarch observed, a lot of people in the Kremlin would like to take back the companies that were privatised in the 1990s. Back then the oligarchs lent money to the cash-strapped state and got assets at knock-down prices in return. Now it is the companies that are in debt, whereas the state is cash-rich and can buy the assets back cheaply. To make them even cheaper, government officials publicly threaten companies or dig out old charges against them, as Mr Sechin has recently done with one of Russia’s largest fertiliser producers.
The crisis has also changed the behaviour of private firms. In the past the market pushed them to improve their governance, but now they are encouraged to look towards the state, says Roland Nash of Renaissance Capital.
Mr Shuvalov admits that some private assets might end up in state hands, but he insists that the government does not intend to keep them. The question is how, and to whom, these assets will be sold. Nationalising businesses is risky in any country, but in Russia, with its weak institutions and powerful Kremlin clans, it is almost certain to lead to a redistribution of property to the ruling elite, mainly past and present members of the security services, collectively known as siloviki, or hard men.
Neither one thing nor the other
The new entities that could emerge from the crisis may be neither state nor private, says Mr Rogov, but the worst of both worlds: opaque, quasi-state firms run by people affiliated with the Kremlin. One model for this form of ownership is a privately controlled subsidiary of a state-controlled company. Another is something called a “state corporation”.
One example is Russian Technologies, run by Sergei Chemezov, a former KGB officer and a friend of Mr Putin’s from the 1980s when the two served together in East Germany. Until last year Mr Chemezov was in charge of a state arms-trading monopoly, which did not stop him from taking over a successful private titanium business and a car factory. This year his empire, now under the umbrella of Russian Technologies, has grown even further. State corporations’ assets, Mr Chemezov once said, “are neither state not private”; they are “state commerce”.
He has successfully lobbied for the inclusion in Russian Technologies of some 420 mostly state-controlled companies, some of which—such as airlines or property—seem to have little to do with the corporation’s declared aim of promoting technology. Alexei Kudrin, Russia’s finance minister, noted that giving Russian Technologies all these assets would amount to “a covert privatisation and the loss of control over how the proceeds are spent”. But his words fell on deaf ears.
Another state corporation is based on Vneshekonombank (VEB), which is meant to be bailing out Russian firms that need to refinance their foreign debt. The committee that decides on the bail-outs is chaired by Mr Putin himself. VEB has recently lent $4.5 billion, well above its supposed limit, to Rusal, a company controlled by Oleg Deripaska, a Russian aluminium tycoon, so he could repay a foreign loan backed by 25% of Norilsk Nickel, the world’s largest nickel producer. In return VEB will include government officials in the company’s management and board. But even before the crisis Norilsk Nickel’s controlling shareholder, Vladimir Potanin, one of the most politically savvy oligarchs, had put a former KGB officer in charge of the company—to be on the safe side.
The projection of KGB power in Russia’s politics and economy has been a guiding principle of Mr Putin’s period in office. In the past the siloviki often had to rely on tax inspectors or the Federal Security Service (FSB) to get hold of assets. Now the crisis is creating new opportunities for what Mr Illarionov calls the “KGB-isation of the economy”. The result, he explains, could be a new, highly monopolistic system, based on a peculiar state-private partnership in which the profits are privatised by Kremlin friends and debts are nationalised. This will not take Russia back to a state-run economy, but it is likely to shift it further towards a corporatist state.
This Day in History: Japan invades Hong Kong
17/12/2009 01:25:00
On this day, in 1941 Japanese troops land in Hong Kong and a slaughter ensues.
A week of air raids over Hong Kong, a British crown colony, was followed up on December 17 with a visit paid by Japanese envoys to Sir Mark Young, the British governor of Hong Kong. The envoys’ message was simple: The British garrison there should simply surrender to the Japanese – resistance was futile. The envoys were sent home with the following retort: “The governor and commander in chief of Hong Kong declines absolutely to enter into negotiations for the surrender of Hong Kong. ...”
The first wave of Japanese troops landed in Hong Kong with artillery fire for cover and the following order from their commander: “Take no prisoners.” Upon overrunning a volunteer antiaircraft battery, the Japanese invaders roped together the captured soldiers and proceeded to bayonet them to death. Even those who offered no resistance, such as the Royal Medical Corps, were led up a hill and killed.
The Japanese quickly took control of key reservoirs, threatening the British and Chinese inhabitants with a slow death by thirst. The Brits finally surrendered control of Hong Kong on Christmas Day.
On this day, in 1941 Japanese troops land in Hong Kong and a slaughter ensues.
A week of air raids over Hong Kong, a British crown colony, was followed up on December 17 with a visit paid by Japanese envoys to Sir Mark Young, the British governor of Hong Kong. The envoys’ message was simple: The British garrison there should simply surrender to the Japanese – resistance was futile. The envoys were sent home with the following retort: “The governor and commander in chief of Hong Kong declines absolutely to enter into negotiations for the surrender of Hong Kong. ...”
The first wave of Japanese troops landed in Hong Kong with artillery fire for cover and the following order from their commander: “Take no prisoners.” Upon overrunning a volunteer antiaircraft battery, the Japanese invaders roped together the captured soldiers and proceeded to bayonet them to death. Even those who offered no resistance, such as the Royal Medical Corps, were led up a hill and killed.
The Japanese quickly took control of key reservoirs, threatening the British and Chinese inhabitants with a slow death by thirst. The Brits finally surrendered control of Hong Kong on Christmas Day.
JAPAN: Top 10 Japan news stories of 2009
The Japan Times: Tuesday, Dec. 29, 2009
The Japan Times' editors picked these events as the top domestic news stories of 2009 based on their significance and impact:
1) Power shift: The Democratic Party of Japan wins a landslide victory in the Aug. 30 election, breaking the Liberal Democratic Party's almost uninterrupted five decades in power.
2) New flu: A new swine flu strain hits Japan, sparking widespread public fears and prompting millions of people to regularly wear surgical masks in daily life.
3) Lay judges: The lay-judge system debuts Aug. 3, ushering in a new age of citizen participation in the criminal trial system.
4) JAL: Japan Airlines Corp., the nation's flagship airline, goes into a financial tailspin, seeking government assistance in order to survive.
5) Freedom: Convicted killer Toshikazu Sugaya, sentenced to life in prison, is released June 4 and is set to be exonerated in a retrial based on a DNA test that effectively cleared him of involvement in a girl's 1990 murder in Ashikaga, Tochigi Prefecture.
6) Apprehended: Tatsuya Ichihashi, wanted in connection with the 2007 murder of British English-language teacher Lindsay Ann Hawker, is arrested in Osaka on Nov. 10 after 2 1/2 years on the run.
7) Drugs: Noriko Sakai, a singer-actress popular in Japan and Asia, is arrested Aug. 8 and later convicted of possessing and using amphetamines, becoming main fodder for the gossip media this year.
8) Economy: The jobless rate hits record highs amid the global economic slump, and the yen's surge in November to 84 to the dollar plagues exporters.
9) Secrets: Alleged, and officially denied, secret diplomatic pacts with the U.S. are key media topics, particularly an accord believed signed in 1969 that allows the U.S. to bring nuclear weapons into Okinawa in an emergency. A copy of this pact turned up Dec. 22.
10) Child custody: Attempts by estranged international couples to retrieve or otherwise take custody of their offspring draw renewed attention when American Christopher Savoie is arrested by Japanese police for allegedly trying to abduct his two children and take them to the U.S. Consulate in Fukuoka on Sept. 28.
(C) All rights reserved
The Japan Times' editors picked these events as the top domestic news stories of 2009 based on their significance and impact:
1) Power shift: The Democratic Party of Japan wins a landslide victory in the Aug. 30 election, breaking the Liberal Democratic Party's almost uninterrupted five decades in power.
2) New flu: A new swine flu strain hits Japan, sparking widespread public fears and prompting millions of people to regularly wear surgical masks in daily life.
3) Lay judges: The lay-judge system debuts Aug. 3, ushering in a new age of citizen participation in the criminal trial system.
4) JAL: Japan Airlines Corp., the nation's flagship airline, goes into a financial tailspin, seeking government assistance in order to survive.
5) Freedom: Convicted killer Toshikazu Sugaya, sentenced to life in prison, is released June 4 and is set to be exonerated in a retrial based on a DNA test that effectively cleared him of involvement in a girl's 1990 murder in Ashikaga, Tochigi Prefecture.
6) Apprehended: Tatsuya Ichihashi, wanted in connection with the 2007 murder of British English-language teacher Lindsay Ann Hawker, is arrested in Osaka on Nov. 10 after 2 1/2 years on the run.
7) Drugs: Noriko Sakai, a singer-actress popular in Japan and Asia, is arrested Aug. 8 and later convicted of possessing and using amphetamines, becoming main fodder for the gossip media this year.
8) Economy: The jobless rate hits record highs amid the global economic slump, and the yen's surge in November to 84 to the dollar plagues exporters.
9) Secrets: Alleged, and officially denied, secret diplomatic pacts with the U.S. are key media topics, particularly an accord believed signed in 1969 that allows the U.S. to bring nuclear weapons into Okinawa in an emergency. A copy of this pact turned up Dec. 22.
10) Child custody: Attempts by estranged international couples to retrieve or otherwise take custody of their offspring draw renewed attention when American Christopher Savoie is arrested by Japanese police for allegedly trying to abduct his two children and take them to the U.S. Consulate in Fukuoka on Sept. 28.
(C) All rights reserved
CHINA: Shanghai's World Expo, Oberammergau Passion Play rate in 2010
January 3, 2010
TRAVEL
The year is a fresh slate before you, so it's time to start filling in those blanks. Here are five ideas for places to be or places to see that will turn your 2010 into a year to remember. And if you have something you think should be on readers' radars, write to us at travel@latimes.com.
Oberammergau Passion Play, Germany
It happens only once every 10 years and has been going on since 1634. The people of Oberammergau in the Bavarian Alps, fearing that bubonic plague would sweep the village, promised they would reenact the Passion every decade if God spared them.
About 2,000 people participate in the production, which runs from May 15 to Oct. 3. They are musicians and costume makers and scenery painters and, of course, the actors who depict the last days of Christ. About a half-million people attend the play, which lasts five hours with a three-hour dinner break.
Tour companies regularly sell excursion packages to the play; you can find a list under "how to book" as well as more about the event at www.oberammergau-passion.com.
-- Catharine Hamm
Inaugural sail of the Queen Elizabeth
We saw the introduction in 2009 of the world's largest cruise ship -- Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas -- and in 2010, we'll see the introduction of what arguably will be the world's most loved: Cunard's Queen Elizabeth.
Like royalty itself, Cunard liners sometimes require a scorecard to keep track of who is who and what is what, so to recap briefly:
The original Queen Elizabeth was launched in 1938 but became a troop ship during World War II, transporting 750,000 troops and sailing a half-million miles. The ship returned to civilian use after the war and was in service as the decline in passenger transport began. It made its final transatlantic crossing as a Cunard liner in the fall of 1968.
By spring of the next year, the Queen Elizabeth 2 had taken over. In 1982, it was called into wartime service again, this time carrying troops to South Georgia Island to fight in the Falkland Islands war. It was refitted and refurbished again (and again and again), and after almost four decades was retired from the fleet. It is owned by the financially shaky Dubai World, and its future remains unclear.
By contrast, the future of the next Queen Elizabeth is crystal clear. The 1,046-stateroom ship is to set sail Oct. 12 from Southampton, England. Cabins may be booked beginning April 2. The inaugural voyage, to Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands, will begin at $2,995 per person. For information: www.cunard.com.
-- Catharine Hamm
Watching the elk rut in Northern California
Call it sex outside the city. If watching animal courting rituals strikes you as a bit voyeuristic, you've not seen the show Roosevelt elk put on. Think of their antler-locking antics as a sort of fraternity hazing without the beer.
And if that's not enough to lure you, there's the great outdoors to enjoy at Elk Meadow, three miles north of Orick and 45 minutes from Eureka.
Roosevelt elk, the largest of the North American elk, inhabit the Pacific coastal rain forests and mountains. They're kin to deer but larger, graze on grasses rather than legumes and leaves, and communicate more distinctively than deer. The prime time to watch them rutting is early September to the end of October.
Besides elk watching, you can mountain bike, hike or go horseback riding through the redwoods. In nearby Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, the redwoods are old-growth and virgin trees because the forest has never been logged.
To see the full story, go to latimes.com/elk.
-- Terry Gardner
Total eclipse of the sun
In 2010, see something rare. Machu Picchu? Alaska's glaciers? They'll be around in 2011 (at least, we think they will). How about something more fleeting like, say, a total solar eclipse? It will occur July 12 and be visible from a narrow band of the Southern Hemisphere -- Mangaia in the Cook Islands and Easter Island.
A partial eclipse can be seen in parts of the South Pacific and southern South America.
Shipboard viewing is another option. It's a perfect excuse to take a cruise to French Polynesia. Tours are filling up quickly, so make your travel plans soon. Ring of Fire Expeditions ( www.eclipsetours.com) and Flo USA Inc. (www.eclipsetraveler.com) offer tour packages. The eclipse lasts from two to five minutes depending on your viewing location. If you miss this one, the next total solar eclipse is Nov. 13, 2012.
More info: eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/2010/TP214171a.pdf.
-- Jason La
Shanghai world's fair
Think of a world's fair as a cultural Olympics that lasts six months. Prices are better, the airport less jammed. As such, the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai is shaping up as one of the year's best travel events.
The coastal city has always considered itself more cosmopolitan than Beijing. It's upping the ante with $45 billion in upgrades that include better roads and expanded mass transit. New hotels include two InterContinental locations -- the Peninsula and the stylish Hotel Indigo, a boutique property.
So where's the "wow" factor? As with any world's fair, it's all about the pavilions.
Visitors are sure to be drawn to the Saudi Arabia pavilion, which looks like a big gleaming wedding gift. The "moon boat" shape will be surrounded by deserts and seas. Across its roof: 150 date palms. Besides such stunning design feats, more than 100 daily events and performances will take place across several dozen sites. One-day admission is about $24. More info: en.expo2010.cn/.
-- Chris Erskine
Copyright © 2010, The Los Angeles Times
TRAVEL
The year is a fresh slate before you, so it's time to start filling in those blanks. Here are five ideas for places to be or places to see that will turn your 2010 into a year to remember. And if you have something you think should be on readers' radars, write to us at travel@latimes.com.
Oberammergau Passion Play, Germany
It happens only once every 10 years and has been going on since 1634. The people of Oberammergau in the Bavarian Alps, fearing that bubonic plague would sweep the village, promised they would reenact the Passion every decade if God spared them.
About 2,000 people participate in the production, which runs from May 15 to Oct. 3. They are musicians and costume makers and scenery painters and, of course, the actors who depict the last days of Christ. About a half-million people attend the play, which lasts five hours with a three-hour dinner break.
Tour companies regularly sell excursion packages to the play; you can find a list under "how to book" as well as more about the event at www.oberammergau-passion.com.
-- Catharine Hamm
Inaugural sail of the Queen Elizabeth
We saw the introduction in 2009 of the world's largest cruise ship -- Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas -- and in 2010, we'll see the introduction of what arguably will be the world's most loved: Cunard's Queen Elizabeth.
Like royalty itself, Cunard liners sometimes require a scorecard to keep track of who is who and what is what, so to recap briefly:
The original Queen Elizabeth was launched in 1938 but became a troop ship during World War II, transporting 750,000 troops and sailing a half-million miles. The ship returned to civilian use after the war and was in service as the decline in passenger transport began. It made its final transatlantic crossing as a Cunard liner in the fall of 1968.
By spring of the next year, the Queen Elizabeth 2 had taken over. In 1982, it was called into wartime service again, this time carrying troops to South Georgia Island to fight in the Falkland Islands war. It was refitted and refurbished again (and again and again), and after almost four decades was retired from the fleet. It is owned by the financially shaky Dubai World, and its future remains unclear.
By contrast, the future of the next Queen Elizabeth is crystal clear. The 1,046-stateroom ship is to set sail Oct. 12 from Southampton, England. Cabins may be booked beginning April 2. The inaugural voyage, to Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands, will begin at $2,995 per person. For information: www.cunard.com.
-- Catharine Hamm
Watching the elk rut in Northern California
Call it sex outside the city. If watching animal courting rituals strikes you as a bit voyeuristic, you've not seen the show Roosevelt elk put on. Think of their antler-locking antics as a sort of fraternity hazing without the beer.
And if that's not enough to lure you, there's the great outdoors to enjoy at Elk Meadow, three miles north of Orick and 45 minutes from Eureka.
Roosevelt elk, the largest of the North American elk, inhabit the Pacific coastal rain forests and mountains. They're kin to deer but larger, graze on grasses rather than legumes and leaves, and communicate more distinctively than deer. The prime time to watch them rutting is early September to the end of October.
Besides elk watching, you can mountain bike, hike or go horseback riding through the redwoods. In nearby Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, the redwoods are old-growth and virgin trees because the forest has never been logged.
To see the full story, go to latimes.com/elk.
-- Terry Gardner
Total eclipse of the sun
In 2010, see something rare. Machu Picchu? Alaska's glaciers? They'll be around in 2011 (at least, we think they will). How about something more fleeting like, say, a total solar eclipse? It will occur July 12 and be visible from a narrow band of the Southern Hemisphere -- Mangaia in the Cook Islands and Easter Island.
A partial eclipse can be seen in parts of the South Pacific and southern South America.
Shipboard viewing is another option. It's a perfect excuse to take a cruise to French Polynesia. Tours are filling up quickly, so make your travel plans soon. Ring of Fire Expeditions ( www.eclipsetours.com) and Flo USA Inc. (www.eclipsetraveler.com) offer tour packages. The eclipse lasts from two to five minutes depending on your viewing location. If you miss this one, the next total solar eclipse is Nov. 13, 2012.
More info: eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/2010/TP214171a.pdf.
-- Jason La
Shanghai world's fair
Think of a world's fair as a cultural Olympics that lasts six months. Prices are better, the airport less jammed. As such, the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai is shaping up as one of the year's best travel events.
The coastal city has always considered itself more cosmopolitan than Beijing. It's upping the ante with $45 billion in upgrades that include better roads and expanded mass transit. New hotels include two InterContinental locations -- the Peninsula and the stylish Hotel Indigo, a boutique property.
So where's the "wow" factor? As with any world's fair, it's all about the pavilions.
Visitors are sure to be drawn to the Saudi Arabia pavilion, which looks like a big gleaming wedding gift. The "moon boat" shape will be surrounded by deserts and seas. Across its roof: 150 date palms. Besides such stunning design feats, more than 100 daily events and performances will take place across several dozen sites. One-day admission is about $24. More info: en.expo2010.cn/.
-- Chris Erskine
Copyright © 2010, The Los Angeles Times
JAPAN: Making soba noodles the easy way
December 30, 2009
A master shares his easy method for making your own.
By Betty Hallock Reporting from Tokyo and L.A.
At Akila Inouye's Tsukiji Soba Academy in Tokyo, a specially made wooden cabinet has 108 small cubbyholes, each containing a scroll of thick brown or green paper printed with a question. "How to finish the soba dough so that the surface is completely smooth?" "What is the ideal shape of soba cutting knives?" "How difficult is it to mill buckwheat flour oneself?"
The soba instructor's cabinet of questions is emblematic of the nuances of soba-making. Soba, revered in Japan -- especially on New Year's Eve, when it's eaten as a symbol of longevity -- is one notoriously tricky noodle. It's difficult to make well, so that it's supple, lustrous and slurpable, resilient and slightly chewy, with the fresh, earthy flavor of buckwheat.
But there is hope for beginners, an opportunity for the would-be casual soba maker (who isn't steeped in the ways of michi, or strict adherence to tradition) to mix, roll and cut the noodles entirely by hand. It's an easy method prescribed by Inouye, who has studied the intricacies of soba-making for more than 20 years and describes himself as a soba evangelist. Call it "intro to soba"; all you basically need is stone-milled buckwheat flour, a plastic bag, a rolling pin and a sharp chef's knife.
According to the lore of Japanese cooks, it takes three years to perfect the subtle art of turning just buckwheat flour, wheat flour and water into elegant skeins of noodles: one year to learn to mix the dough, the second to learn to roll, and the third to learn to cut the slender noodles by hand. Because buckwheat flour doesn't have any gluten (the matrix of proteins that holds dough together), mixing and kneading soba dough to its precise consistency and smoothness requires experience.
But, Inouye says, there's a big difference between making two servings and making 12 servings, and using his technique, even the uninitiated can make two servings of fresh soba that will be better-tasting than dried, packaged noodles. "Everybody can make fine soba at home," he says.
Inouye opened his school, located near the Tsukiji fish market on the third floor of an office building on a quiet street -- practically in the shadow of Honganji Temple -- in October 2002. After leaving a career as a graphic designer, he hoped to teach aspiring professionals so "they can open [soba] restaurants around the world."
"The main reason is I love soba," says Inouye, who is 56 with salt-and-pepper hair and a gentle face. His students (whom he occasionally commends by saying, "You're a good soba-tician.") are a mix of mostly home cooks and some potential soba masters enrolled in one-day, weekend or four- to six-week courses.
Soba is venerated for its simplicity but is more than the sum of its parts, he says. And each aspect of the process of making soba affects the outcome. The movements of a soba master are exacting.
To make soba the traditional way, Inouye starts with freshly milled flour from newly harvested buckwheat that has been cultivated in cold, arid regions of Japan such as Hokkaido, Aomori, Yamagata or Fukushima. A small mill stands near the entrance of the classroom, its two granite wheels grinding a kernel of buckwheat at a time; it produces only enough flour to make soba for the school's restaurant service, Inouye says.
For New Year's Eve, he'll make 300 servings of soba to give to customers. "Actually, this is not a remarkable amount for a soba maker," he says. "Some people make over a thousand servings for the day."
He mixes the dough (using a ni-hachi, or 2-to-8, ratio of wheat flour to buckwheat flour) in a black lacquer bowl bigger than a baby's tub, swirling the mixture first with his fingertips and then his palms to incorporate all of the water into the flour. "It's most critical so every particle of flour meets the water," he says.
He starts kneading, pressing firmly on the dough with the heels of his hands, making sure the water is absorbed deep into the dough and the final disk of dough feels "smooth as a baby's cheek."
Using a set of four long rolling pins called menbo (his are made of lacquered wood and acrylic) he begins rolling the dough on a cypress board dusted with uchiko, a type of buckwheat flour. The menbo are of varying lengths and diameters and are used in turn at different stages of the rolling process. His hands are curled into fists, the heels of his hands placed on top of the menbo, moving it back and forth as a look of deep concentration settles on his face, his body swaying and feet moving in a complex shuffle and sweat forming on his brow. Soba dough makes you work for it.
He produces a thin, wide sheet of dough, nearly the size of a bath towel and no thicker than a quarter, folds it into eight layers and starts cutting with a tall, thin-bladed steel cleaver called soba-kiri. Keeping the cleaver as upright as possible, he cuts quickly, guided by a board. After each cut, he angles the soba-kiri almost imperceptibly to move the guide across the dough. The knife hits his cutting mat rhythmically; "it should be the sound of horses trotting," he says. And what he ends up with is more than 2,000 identical, perfectly julienned strands of delicate soba -- the final product of a technique that has been honed over decades.
Now, soba the easy way: During a recent visit to L.A., Inouye also demonstrated his method for those who want to try their hand at soba. The key is to make a small quantity so that no special equipment (or years of refined technique) is needed.
Inouye mixes all-purpose and buckwheat flour -- still using the 2-to-8 ratio -- along with some water in a plastic bag. He likes using a plastic bag because it's convenient and helps keep in moisture (you could instead use a bowl). Twisting the bag closed, he starts squeezing it to combine the flour and water thoroughly. He removes it from the bag and begins kneading.
The type of buckwheat flour you use is paramount to the success of your soba (which in Japanese means both "buckwheat" and "buckwheat noodles"). The way the buckwheat is harvested, threshed, dried and milled all play a part in determining whether the flour can be used for soba. You can't use Bob's Red Mill buckwheat flour, for example (we tried and ended up with a wet, sandy mixture instead of smooth dough). But stone-milled buckwheat flour from Cold Mountain worked well and is available at select Japanese markets.
He continues to knead, using the heel of his hand and his palm to fold the dough onto itself, rolling it forward. "Little by little the dough is getting smoother."
He pushes the dough down into the thinnest possible disk, using his palm and putting all of his weight on it.
With a rolling pin, he rolls the dough into an oval and then a rectangle while dusting uchiko flour onto his board (uchiko is difficult to find, so Inouye recommends substituting cornstarch). He folds the dough, rolled to about one-sixteenth-inch thick, into quarters and cuts the noodles with a sharp Japanese vegetable knife (we tried it with a sharp chef's knife, which works well too; a heavy cleaver had too thick a blade). Using a slight rocking, or "pitching," motion, he quickly cuts exquisitely thin, even slices (skill comes with practice).
The soba is boiled for just a minute to 90 seconds. Save the cooking liquid, or sobayu, to add hot to the tsuyu dipping sauce to drink as a soup at the end of the meal. After the soba is boiled, it is shocked in an ice bath to stop the cooking and then dipped into another ice bath to remove all of the surface starch and complete the cooling (soba cooking is a series of hot and cold baths).
Soba connoisseurs eat their noodles unadorned, presented on a zaru, or flat wooden strainer, with a dashi- and soy-based dipping sauce on the side and condiments such as sliced green onions, grated daikon, wasabi and togarashi. A creamier dipping sauce is made with ground walnuts and tsuyu.
It's worth going to the trouble of making soba to get fresh, elastic, toothsome noodles that sing with the flavor of buckwheat. Most dried, packaged soba is made with as much as 70% wheat flour. Buckwheat flour should be the first ingredient listed (and when it is, it can be expensive). It may take a little practice, but all soba masters have to start somewhere.
"The first time I tried to make soba, they were not noodles," Inouye says. "But the second time, great results. I thought, maybe I'm a great soba maker."
betty.hallock@latimes.com
Copyright © 2010, The Los Angeles Times
A master shares his easy method for making your own.
By Betty Hallock Reporting from Tokyo and L.A.
At Akila Inouye's Tsukiji Soba Academy in Tokyo, a specially made wooden cabinet has 108 small cubbyholes, each containing a scroll of thick brown or green paper printed with a question. "How to finish the soba dough so that the surface is completely smooth?" "What is the ideal shape of soba cutting knives?" "How difficult is it to mill buckwheat flour oneself?"
The soba instructor's cabinet of questions is emblematic of the nuances of soba-making. Soba, revered in Japan -- especially on New Year's Eve, when it's eaten as a symbol of longevity -- is one notoriously tricky noodle. It's difficult to make well, so that it's supple, lustrous and slurpable, resilient and slightly chewy, with the fresh, earthy flavor of buckwheat.
But there is hope for beginners, an opportunity for the would-be casual soba maker (who isn't steeped in the ways of michi, or strict adherence to tradition) to mix, roll and cut the noodles entirely by hand. It's an easy method prescribed by Inouye, who has studied the intricacies of soba-making for more than 20 years and describes himself as a soba evangelist. Call it "intro to soba"; all you basically need is stone-milled buckwheat flour, a plastic bag, a rolling pin and a sharp chef's knife.
According to the lore of Japanese cooks, it takes three years to perfect the subtle art of turning just buckwheat flour, wheat flour and water into elegant skeins of noodles: one year to learn to mix the dough, the second to learn to roll, and the third to learn to cut the slender noodles by hand. Because buckwheat flour doesn't have any gluten (the matrix of proteins that holds dough together), mixing and kneading soba dough to its precise consistency and smoothness requires experience.
But, Inouye says, there's a big difference between making two servings and making 12 servings, and using his technique, even the uninitiated can make two servings of fresh soba that will be better-tasting than dried, packaged noodles. "Everybody can make fine soba at home," he says.
Inouye opened his school, located near the Tsukiji fish market on the third floor of an office building on a quiet street -- practically in the shadow of Honganji Temple -- in October 2002. After leaving a career as a graphic designer, he hoped to teach aspiring professionals so "they can open [soba] restaurants around the world."
"The main reason is I love soba," says Inouye, who is 56 with salt-and-pepper hair and a gentle face. His students (whom he occasionally commends by saying, "You're a good soba-tician.") are a mix of mostly home cooks and some potential soba masters enrolled in one-day, weekend or four- to six-week courses.
Soba is venerated for its simplicity but is more than the sum of its parts, he says. And each aspect of the process of making soba affects the outcome. The movements of a soba master are exacting.
To make soba the traditional way, Inouye starts with freshly milled flour from newly harvested buckwheat that has been cultivated in cold, arid regions of Japan such as Hokkaido, Aomori, Yamagata or Fukushima. A small mill stands near the entrance of the classroom, its two granite wheels grinding a kernel of buckwheat at a time; it produces only enough flour to make soba for the school's restaurant service, Inouye says.
For New Year's Eve, he'll make 300 servings of soba to give to customers. "Actually, this is not a remarkable amount for a soba maker," he says. "Some people make over a thousand servings for the day."
He mixes the dough (using a ni-hachi, or 2-to-8, ratio of wheat flour to buckwheat flour) in a black lacquer bowl bigger than a baby's tub, swirling the mixture first with his fingertips and then his palms to incorporate all of the water into the flour. "It's most critical so every particle of flour meets the water," he says.
He starts kneading, pressing firmly on the dough with the heels of his hands, making sure the water is absorbed deep into the dough and the final disk of dough feels "smooth as a baby's cheek."
Using a set of four long rolling pins called menbo (his are made of lacquered wood and acrylic) he begins rolling the dough on a cypress board dusted with uchiko, a type of buckwheat flour. The menbo are of varying lengths and diameters and are used in turn at different stages of the rolling process. His hands are curled into fists, the heels of his hands placed on top of the menbo, moving it back and forth as a look of deep concentration settles on his face, his body swaying and feet moving in a complex shuffle and sweat forming on his brow. Soba dough makes you work for it.
He produces a thin, wide sheet of dough, nearly the size of a bath towel and no thicker than a quarter, folds it into eight layers and starts cutting with a tall, thin-bladed steel cleaver called soba-kiri. Keeping the cleaver as upright as possible, he cuts quickly, guided by a board. After each cut, he angles the soba-kiri almost imperceptibly to move the guide across the dough. The knife hits his cutting mat rhythmically; "it should be the sound of horses trotting," he says. And what he ends up with is more than 2,000 identical, perfectly julienned strands of delicate soba -- the final product of a technique that has been honed over decades.
Now, soba the easy way: During a recent visit to L.A., Inouye also demonstrated his method for those who want to try their hand at soba. The key is to make a small quantity so that no special equipment (or years of refined technique) is needed.
Inouye mixes all-purpose and buckwheat flour -- still using the 2-to-8 ratio -- along with some water in a plastic bag. He likes using a plastic bag because it's convenient and helps keep in moisture (you could instead use a bowl). Twisting the bag closed, he starts squeezing it to combine the flour and water thoroughly. He removes it from the bag and begins kneading.
The type of buckwheat flour you use is paramount to the success of your soba (which in Japanese means both "buckwheat" and "buckwheat noodles"). The way the buckwheat is harvested, threshed, dried and milled all play a part in determining whether the flour can be used for soba. You can't use Bob's Red Mill buckwheat flour, for example (we tried and ended up with a wet, sandy mixture instead of smooth dough). But stone-milled buckwheat flour from Cold Mountain worked well and is available at select Japanese markets.
He continues to knead, using the heel of his hand and his palm to fold the dough onto itself, rolling it forward. "Little by little the dough is getting smoother."
He pushes the dough down into the thinnest possible disk, using his palm and putting all of his weight on it.
With a rolling pin, he rolls the dough into an oval and then a rectangle while dusting uchiko flour onto his board (uchiko is difficult to find, so Inouye recommends substituting cornstarch). He folds the dough, rolled to about one-sixteenth-inch thick, into quarters and cuts the noodles with a sharp Japanese vegetable knife (we tried it with a sharp chef's knife, which works well too; a heavy cleaver had too thick a blade). Using a slight rocking, or "pitching," motion, he quickly cuts exquisitely thin, even slices (skill comes with practice).
The soba is boiled for just a minute to 90 seconds. Save the cooking liquid, or sobayu, to add hot to the tsuyu dipping sauce to drink as a soup at the end of the meal. After the soba is boiled, it is shocked in an ice bath to stop the cooking and then dipped into another ice bath to remove all of the surface starch and complete the cooling (soba cooking is a series of hot and cold baths).
Soba connoisseurs eat their noodles unadorned, presented on a zaru, or flat wooden strainer, with a dashi- and soy-based dipping sauce on the side and condiments such as sliced green onions, grated daikon, wasabi and togarashi. A creamier dipping sauce is made with ground walnuts and tsuyu.
It's worth going to the trouble of making soba to get fresh, elastic, toothsome noodles that sing with the flavor of buckwheat. Most dried, packaged soba is made with as much as 70% wheat flour. Buckwheat flour should be the first ingredient listed (and when it is, it can be expensive). It may take a little practice, but all soba masters have to start somewhere.
"The first time I tried to make soba, they were not noodles," Inouye says. "But the second time, great results. I thought, maybe I'm a great soba maker."
betty.hallock@latimes.com
Copyright © 2010, The Los Angeles Times
JAPAN: Bringing in the new year with soba is a Japanese tradition
December 30, 2009
By Sonoko Sakai
When I go back to Japan, some people assume that I head straight for sushi bars. But my favorite pastime is making pilgrimages to artisanal soba shops. If there is one food I love with a passion, it is soba, the thin, earthy-looking buckwheat noodles. I enjoy their natural sweet flavor and nutty aroma and eat them for lunch three or four times a week, and sometimes for dinner too.
I'm not the only one who places soba on such a high pedestal. "Soba is the best Japanese food there is," my friend Noritoshi Kanai said to me the other day. An active 86 years, he has a breakfast ritual that consists of a bowl of soba seven days a week, surpassing even my soba consumption.
Kanai likes soba because it makes him feel soboku -- a quality Japanese people treasure that means to be simple, natural, modest and elegant in an unadorned way. Considering this is the Japanese American businessman who brought the first sushi bar to the U.S., it's amazing what soba can do to keep one's ego in check.
Then comes the year's end, when the number of soba enthusiasts multiplies. Japanese people practice an old custom on New Year's Eve called toshikoshi soba, eating "Passing of the Year" soba to bring good luck and good fortune. The shape and length of soba are associated with a lean and long life.
Keep it simple
But soba is by no means an haute, complicated or new-wave noodle. Pure and simple, it's never masked with heavy, oily sauces. Instead it's usually eaten cold and plain with a dipping sauce or hot in a soy-based broth.
You can, however, pair soba with a variety of side dishes.
One classic accompaniment is tamago. You have probably eaten tamago at a sushi bar. It is an egg omelet that is made by rolling together several layers of cooked egg. It's seasoned with soy sauce, sugar and dashi, a fragrant broth made with dried bonito flakes and konbu (seaweed).
By adding dashi to the eggs, you get a juicy and savory omelet that is lighter in texture and flavor than its butter-based Western counterpart.
Some tamago can be sweet like a dessert custard. I hold off on the sugar and make a milder version. The tamago you see at sushi bars is usually rectangular or square because it is made in a special pan. I use a standard round pan to make mine. Not everything has to be square.
Kanai likes his morning soba with satsuma-age, or deep-fried fish balls, and a handful of fresh bean sprouts. It's a good combination of protein and vitamins to balance out the meal.
Satsuma-age is kind of like a sausage ball, except that it is made with minced fish and vegetables.
Satsuma-age originated in Kagoshima on the southern tip of the island of Kyushu where there is an abundance of fish. The people there call these deep-fried fish balls "tempura." But unlike the standard tempura, satsuma-age are not coated in a batter, so they're lighter.
Eat satsuma-age just out of the oil while they are hot and crispy. If you have any fear of deep-frying, like I once did, this is a good entry-level tempura to practice with.
They are also tasty at room temperature. You can grill them on the barbecue or put them in hearty nabe (stews). Satsuma-age is a good standby dish to have on hand because it freezes well.
Soba should be served immediately. The noodles will lose their al dente texture if you let them sit around too long.
When serving tamago or satsuma-age with soba, make the side dishes first and have plenty of grated daikon to serve as a condiment. Then boil the soba noodles, which takes one to five minutes, depending on the thickness of the soba and on whether you are using fresh or dried noodles.
Put all three of these dishes together and you have a nice spread for your New Year's Eve table. So before you finish up the year, how about joining me and millions of others in a big slurp of soba? Then pop open the Champagne and revel in the new year.
food@latimes.com
Copyright © 2010, The Los Angeles Times
By Sonoko Sakai
When I go back to Japan, some people assume that I head straight for sushi bars. But my favorite pastime is making pilgrimages to artisanal soba shops. If there is one food I love with a passion, it is soba, the thin, earthy-looking buckwheat noodles. I enjoy their natural sweet flavor and nutty aroma and eat them for lunch three or four times a week, and sometimes for dinner too.
I'm not the only one who places soba on such a high pedestal. "Soba is the best Japanese food there is," my friend Noritoshi Kanai said to me the other day. An active 86 years, he has a breakfast ritual that consists of a bowl of soba seven days a week, surpassing even my soba consumption.
Kanai likes soba because it makes him feel soboku -- a quality Japanese people treasure that means to be simple, natural, modest and elegant in an unadorned way. Considering this is the Japanese American businessman who brought the first sushi bar to the U.S., it's amazing what soba can do to keep one's ego in check.
Then comes the year's end, when the number of soba enthusiasts multiplies. Japanese people practice an old custom on New Year's Eve called toshikoshi soba, eating "Passing of the Year" soba to bring good luck and good fortune. The shape and length of soba are associated with a lean and long life.
Keep it simple
But soba is by no means an haute, complicated or new-wave noodle. Pure and simple, it's never masked with heavy, oily sauces. Instead it's usually eaten cold and plain with a dipping sauce or hot in a soy-based broth.
You can, however, pair soba with a variety of side dishes.
One classic accompaniment is tamago. You have probably eaten tamago at a sushi bar. It is an egg omelet that is made by rolling together several layers of cooked egg. It's seasoned with soy sauce, sugar and dashi, a fragrant broth made with dried bonito flakes and konbu (seaweed).
By adding dashi to the eggs, you get a juicy and savory omelet that is lighter in texture and flavor than its butter-based Western counterpart.
Some tamago can be sweet like a dessert custard. I hold off on the sugar and make a milder version. The tamago you see at sushi bars is usually rectangular or square because it is made in a special pan. I use a standard round pan to make mine. Not everything has to be square.
Kanai likes his morning soba with satsuma-age, or deep-fried fish balls, and a handful of fresh bean sprouts. It's a good combination of protein and vitamins to balance out the meal.
Satsuma-age is kind of like a sausage ball, except that it is made with minced fish and vegetables.
Satsuma-age originated in Kagoshima on the southern tip of the island of Kyushu where there is an abundance of fish. The people there call these deep-fried fish balls "tempura." But unlike the standard tempura, satsuma-age are not coated in a batter, so they're lighter.
Eat satsuma-age just out of the oil while they are hot and crispy. If you have any fear of deep-frying, like I once did, this is a good entry-level tempura to practice with.
They are also tasty at room temperature. You can grill them on the barbecue or put them in hearty nabe (stews). Satsuma-age is a good standby dish to have on hand because it freezes well.
Soba should be served immediately. The noodles will lose their al dente texture if you let them sit around too long.
When serving tamago or satsuma-age with soba, make the side dishes first and have plenty of grated daikon to serve as a condiment. Then boil the soba noodles, which takes one to five minutes, depending on the thickness of the soba and on whether you are using fresh or dried noodles.
Put all three of these dishes together and you have a nice spread for your New Year's Eve table. So before you finish up the year, how about joining me and millions of others in a big slurp of soba? Then pop open the Champagne and revel in the new year.
food@latimes.com
Copyright © 2010, The Los Angeles Times
CHINA: Large Oil Spill Reported in China
January 4, 2010
By DAVID BARBOZA
SHANGHAI — A large oil spill in northwest China has heavily polluted a tributary of the Yellow River, and threatens to reach one of the country’s longest and most important sources of water.
China’s state-run news media said late Saturday that a “large amount” of diesel oil had leaked out of a pipeline last Thursday in Shaanxi Province.
The government has not explained why the report of the spill was not released until late Saturday. But Xinhua, the official state news agency, said the leak was caused by construction work and that a crew of 700 people was struggling to contain the damage from what Shaanxi officials said was about 150,000 liters, or about 40,000 gallons, of diesel oil.
The damaged pipeline belongs to the China National Petroleum Corporation, one of the country’s state-owned oil giants and the parent company of PetroChina. The company did not specify on Saturday exactly how much oil was spilled but said that it had shut down the pipeline. The company also said that “much of the leaked oil and polluted silt has already been taken away.” But government officials in Shaanxi province said on Saturday that oil has been detected far downstream from the leak and warned local residents not to use water in the region.
The oil pipeline, which transports oil from northwest China to central parts of the country, was damaged and released oil into the Chisui River and Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River, according to Xinhua.
The Yellow River, which stretches for about 5,500 kilometers, or about 3,400 miles, is a source of water for approximately 140 million residents, and it also provides water to factories and farms through northern China.
In November 2005, a huge amount of toxic benzyme leaked out and damaged the Songhua River in north China’s Heilongjiang Province, cutting off water supplies for millions of residents.
Some local officials were disciplined for a delay in reporting the spill, which later created a panic among residents.
Copyright 2010
By DAVID BARBOZA
SHANGHAI — A large oil spill in northwest China has heavily polluted a tributary of the Yellow River, and threatens to reach one of the country’s longest and most important sources of water.
China’s state-run news media said late Saturday that a “large amount” of diesel oil had leaked out of a pipeline last Thursday in Shaanxi Province.
The government has not explained why the report of the spill was not released until late Saturday. But Xinhua, the official state news agency, said the leak was caused by construction work and that a crew of 700 people was struggling to contain the damage from what Shaanxi officials said was about 150,000 liters, or about 40,000 gallons, of diesel oil.
The damaged pipeline belongs to the China National Petroleum Corporation, one of the country’s state-owned oil giants and the parent company of PetroChina. The company did not specify on Saturday exactly how much oil was spilled but said that it had shut down the pipeline. The company also said that “much of the leaked oil and polluted silt has already been taken away.” But government officials in Shaanxi province said on Saturday that oil has been detected far downstream from the leak and warned local residents not to use water in the region.
The oil pipeline, which transports oil from northwest China to central parts of the country, was damaged and released oil into the Chisui River and Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River, according to Xinhua.
The Yellow River, which stretches for about 5,500 kilometers, or about 3,400 miles, is a source of water for approximately 140 million residents, and it also provides water to factories and farms through northern China.
In November 2005, a huge amount of toxic benzyme leaked out and damaged the Songhua River in north China’s Heilongjiang Province, cutting off water supplies for millions of residents.
Some local officials were disciplined for a delay in reporting the spill, which later created a panic among residents.
Copyright 2010
JAPAN: Toshiba curbs loss on chip sales
Page last updated at 09:18 GMT, Friday, 29 January 2010
Toshiba supplies computer chips to Apple
Toshiba has said it made a smaller-than-expected loss in the final three months of last year due to a recovery in its electronic components business.
The company made a net loss of 10.6bn yen ($117.5m; £72.7m) compared with a loss of 121.1bn yen a year earlier.
Toshiba's chip business suffered heavy losses last year but was recovering, the company said.
Group revenue for the quarter rose 6% to 1.58 trillion yen, from 1.49tn yen a year earlier.
Toshiba, which supplies chips to Apple, has lowered its yearly revenue target from 6.8tn yen to 6.4tn yen, but kept its forecast for a 50bn yen loss for the year ending March 2010.
The company described sales of its televisions as "healthy", but blamed a decline in sales of home appliances on the economic downturn.
Saturday, January 2, 2010
JAPAN: Happy 1,300th to Nara, Japan
January 3, 2010
Heads Up
By HIROKO TABUCHI
THE ancient city of Nara has lived in the shadow of its neighbor, Kyoto,
for centuries. So this year, as Nara marks the 1,300th anniversary of its ascension as Japan’s imperial capital, the city might be forgiven for going over the top.
Nara was a splendor in its time — a world of silks, Chinese scripts and Buddhist culture set in a sleepy landscape. Built by the emperor Shomu, a convert to Buddhism, Nara played an important role in the spread of that religion in Japan, as evidenced by the ancient temples that still dot the city. Now it is celebrating that history in style.
After a $100 million investment, the eighth-century palace that once anchored Heijyokyo (Nara’s ancient name), only to be razed following the transfer of the capital to Kyoto in A.D. 784, has been painstakingly rebuilt and is scheduled to open on April 24. To celebrate the cultural diversity of the Nara Period, when the city reigned as the capital, Nara has built a life-size replica of a ship that carried Japanese envoys to and from Tang China.
But the restored palace and ship are just stage-setters for a yearlong festival (300.jp/foreign/english) to celebrate the city and its history. In the works are carnivals, fairs and musical performances drawing on an era that saw the rise of Buddhism in Japan, as well as the increased influence of the Tang Dynasty.
A highlight, officials say, is the “Corridor of Light” festival from Aug. 20 to 27, when the palace will be illuminated with candles and LED lights.
At the recreated palace, a 15-minute walk or short shuttle bus ride from Kintetsu Yamato-Saidaiji Station, guards in period armor will re-enact something akin to an ancient Japanese version of Buckingham Palace’s changing of the guard three times a day, between April 24 and Nov. 7.
At the heart of the city is Nara Park, and nearby is the Todaiji Temple, and home to Japan’s largest Buddha statue, erected in 752.
The city’s modern-day charms, however, lie in Naramachi, a historic merchant area in the heart of the city, which is now home to small museums, traditional town houses and a scattering of quaint cafes and restaurants. Ryo Yonehara, a Nara native who recently started an English language magazine, Nara Explorer, recommends taking at least an afternoon to explore Naramachi’s mazelike paths. “Strolling through Naramachi is when you’ll really fall in love with Nara,” he said.
In Naramachi, the restaurant Awa (1 Shonami-cho; 81-742-24-5699), set in a town house with pretty courtyard, offers a kaiseki, an elaborate seasonal meal with many courses, distinguished by Italian flourishes: think chilled eggplant with a sorghum and tomato sauce.
Mr. Yonehara’s favorite hangout is the more casual Mangyoku (9 Ganrin-cho; 81-742-22-2265), which occupies a former geisha house and offers tapas-style dishes like octopus marinated in Japanese vinegar and chili.
Locals will also tell you to stop by the Harushika “Spring Deer” sake brewery (27-4 Imamikado-cho; 81-742-23-2255) for a taste of the area’s famous rice wine. For just 400 yen, $4.50 at 89 yen to the dollar, a brewer will pour a sampling of five sakes. Don’t miss a Harushika blend prepared especially for the anniversary celebrations, which Shin Kamemura, a brewer, said is heavenly when taken chilled.
Copyright 2010 The New York Times Company
Heads Up
By HIROKO TABUCHI
THE ancient city of Nara has lived in the shadow of its neighbor, Kyoto,
for centuries. So this year, as Nara marks the 1,300th anniversary of its ascension as Japan’s imperial capital, the city might be forgiven for going over the top.
Nara was a splendor in its time — a world of silks, Chinese scripts and Buddhist culture set in a sleepy landscape. Built by the emperor Shomu, a convert to Buddhism, Nara played an important role in the spread of that religion in Japan, as evidenced by the ancient temples that still dot the city. Now it is celebrating that history in style.
After a $100 million investment, the eighth-century palace that once anchored Heijyokyo (Nara’s ancient name), only to be razed following the transfer of the capital to Kyoto in A.D. 784, has been painstakingly rebuilt and is scheduled to open on April 24. To celebrate the cultural diversity of the Nara Period, when the city reigned as the capital, Nara has built a life-size replica of a ship that carried Japanese envoys to and from Tang China.
But the restored palace and ship are just stage-setters for a yearlong festival (300.jp/foreign/english) to celebrate the city and its history. In the works are carnivals, fairs and musical performances drawing on an era that saw the rise of Buddhism in Japan, as well as the increased influence of the Tang Dynasty.
A highlight, officials say, is the “Corridor of Light” festival from Aug. 20 to 27, when the palace will be illuminated with candles and LED lights.
At the recreated palace, a 15-minute walk or short shuttle bus ride from Kintetsu Yamato-Saidaiji Station, guards in period armor will re-enact something akin to an ancient Japanese version of Buckingham Palace’s changing of the guard three times a day, between April 24 and Nov. 7.
At the heart of the city is Nara Park, and nearby is the Todaiji Temple, and home to Japan’s largest Buddha statue, erected in 752.
The city’s modern-day charms, however, lie in Naramachi, a historic merchant area in the heart of the city, which is now home to small museums, traditional town houses and a scattering of quaint cafes and restaurants. Ryo Yonehara, a Nara native who recently started an English language magazine, Nara Explorer, recommends taking at least an afternoon to explore Naramachi’s mazelike paths. “Strolling through Naramachi is when you’ll really fall in love with Nara,” he said.
In Naramachi, the restaurant Awa (1 Shonami-cho; 81-742-24-5699), set in a town house with pretty courtyard, offers a kaiseki, an elaborate seasonal meal with many courses, distinguished by Italian flourishes: think chilled eggplant with a sorghum and tomato sauce.
Mr. Yonehara’s favorite hangout is the more casual Mangyoku (9 Ganrin-cho; 81-742-22-2265), which occupies a former geisha house and offers tapas-style dishes like octopus marinated in Japanese vinegar and chili.
Locals will also tell you to stop by the Harushika “Spring Deer” sake brewery (27-4 Imamikado-cho; 81-742-23-2255) for a taste of the area’s famous rice wine. For just 400 yen, $4.50 at 89 yen to the dollar, a brewer will pour a sampling of five sakes. Don’t miss a Harushika blend prepared especially for the anniversary celebrations, which Shin Kamemura, a brewer, said is heavenly when taken chilled.
Copyright 2010 The New York Times Company
JAPAN: Paris, Milan, Tokyo. Tokyo?
January 2, 2010
By HIROKO TABUCHI
TOKYO — Japan’s trailblazers of street fashion are the envy of Western designers, spawning Web sites filled with snapshots of Tokyo youngsters in the latest distressed jeans or psychedelic stockings.
With city sidewalks as their catwalks, young Japanese flaunt carefully layered tops and thigh-high boots sporting labels like Galaxxxy, Phenomenon and Function Junction.
But most of Tokyo’s clothing designers have not figured out how to cash in on the city’s fashion sense. Only a handful of Japanese brands, like A Bathing Ape or Evisu Jeans, have gained traction beyond the nation’s shores. Chic local labels like Fur Fur and Garcia Marquez Gauche remain mostly unknown outside Japan.
Experts say that the nation’s fashion industry is too fragmented and too focused on the domestic market to make it overseas.
“For much of this decade, fashion trends have started in Japan and gone global. But Japanese brands don’t even realize that,” said Loic Bizel, a French-born fashion consultant based in Tokyo. Japan “generates trends and ideas, but it stops there,” he said. “Many brands are not even interested in going overseas.”
So each season, Mr. Bizel takes fashion industry buyers from America and Europe — mass clothiers like Hennes & Mauritz of Sweden and Topshop of Britain — to buy up bagfuls of the latest hits. The designs are then whisked overseas to be reworked, resized, stitched together and sold under Western labels.
In that business model, there is little financial gain for Japan. In 2008, Japan’s clothing and apparel-related exports came to a mere $416 million, dwarfed by the $3.68 billion exported by American apparel companies, and a tiny fraction of China’s $113 billion.
Meanwhile, Japan’s domestic apparel industry is on the decline. It shrank 1.3 percent, to 4.37 trillion yen ($48 billion), in 2008, and is expected to post a steeper decline for 2009 as recession-weary consumers and an aging population cut back sharply on spending.
“Japanese fashion might be considered cutting-edge, but overseas markets have been largely elusive,” said Atsushi Izu, an analyst at the Nomura Research Institute in Tokyo. “Japan’s fashion industry is very fragmented, and most companies lack the resources and know-how to bring their brands to foreign markets.”
The government is trying to help. Earlier this year, the Foreign Ministry dispatched a group of suit-clad officials to Tokyo’s hip Harajuku neighborhood to survey the latest trends, part of an effort to promote Japanese fashion overseas. After interviews with shoppers and sales clerks, the ministry came up with a battle plan: to appoint three young trendsetters as “ambassadors” of Japanese chic, charged with extending the industry’s reach overseas and piquing interest in Japanese brands.
One ambassador, Misako Aoki — a model known in Tokyo for her Lolita look of frilly Rococo-inspired dresses paired with platform shoes — has been dispatched to France, Spain, Russia and Brazil, where she has attended expos and hosted fashion talk shows in her trademark floppy bow tie and frilly smock.
“I hope that Lolita fashion and Japanese fashion in general will raise your interest in Japan,” Ms. Aoki said in São Paulo, Brazil, in November after starring in a Lolita fashion show organized by the Japanese embassy. (Although Lolita style is a reference to the Vladimir Nabokov novel “Lolita,” its look is more covered-up Victorian schoolgirl than skin-baring teenage vixen.)
The trade ministry has also helped revamp the twice-yearly Tokyo Collection and started inviting foreign journalists to come on the government’s dime. For the first time this year, the collection, renamed Japan Fashion Week, sponsored a splinter fashion event in New York to showcase Japanese designers, and it has planned another runway show in New York in mid-February.
“Japanese fashion has so much global potential,” says Kenjiro Monji, director general of the Foreign Ministry’s Public Diplomacy Department, who oversees Japan’s cultural push overseas.
But the government’s efforts have won it few fans in the fashion industry. Besides Ms. Aoki, the two other fashion ambassadors chosen by the government are a woman who likes to dress up in cute high school uniforms and another who mixes and matches secondhand clothes. Promoting such niche tastes does little to help the wider fashion industry, many say.
And Japan Fashion Week remains a relative nonevent filled with relatively obscure designers like Motonari Ono and Kazuhiro Takakura. Ambitious young designers hoping to follow in the footsteps of Japanese greats like Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo may have to do what they did: pass over Tokyo’s shows for those in Paris.
Meanwhile, local favorites like Fur Fur — a new brand that mixes airy cotton frocks with distressed trench coats — have neither the expertise nor the resources to market overseas. Despite rave reviews from industry insiders, it has only one small store in Tokyo.
“Of course, taking my brand overseas is a dream,” said Fur Fur’s designer, Aya Furuhashi. “But to be honest, that’s really beyond us right now.”
What Japan’s fashion industry needs is more concrete help in marketing and setting up shop overseas, experts say. The government could also play a larger role helping Japanese labels protect their intellectual property rights, they say.
There are some promising signs. With government support, the start-up Xavel, which runs fashion shows that let women order outfits in real time using their cellphones, has opened shows in Paris and Beijing.
Fast Retailing, which sells the Uniqlo brand, has also been flexing its muscles overseas. Uniqlo, Japan’s answer to Gap, has roots in suburban outlets and does not have the level of respect among young fashion fans that many of Japan’s hipper brands do. But with ample funds and aggressive pricing on its fleece jackets and shirts, Uniqlo has expanded, with 92 stores worldwide.
Tadashi Yanai, chief executive of Fast Retailing, has said he hopes to build it into the world’s biggest apparel company, with sales of 5 trillion yen in 2020.
“We are part of a global economy,” Mr. Yanai said at a recent forum. “We cannot look inward.”
Moshe Komata contributed to this report.
Copyright 2010 The New York Times Company
By HIROKO TABUCHI
TOKYO — Japan’s trailblazers of street fashion are the envy of Western designers, spawning Web sites filled with snapshots of Tokyo youngsters in the latest distressed jeans or psychedelic stockings.
With city sidewalks as their catwalks, young Japanese flaunt carefully layered tops and thigh-high boots sporting labels like Galaxxxy, Phenomenon and Function Junction.
But most of Tokyo’s clothing designers have not figured out how to cash in on the city’s fashion sense. Only a handful of Japanese brands, like A Bathing Ape or Evisu Jeans, have gained traction beyond the nation’s shores. Chic local labels like Fur Fur and Garcia Marquez Gauche remain mostly unknown outside Japan.
Experts say that the nation’s fashion industry is too fragmented and too focused on the domestic market to make it overseas.
“For much of this decade, fashion trends have started in Japan and gone global. But Japanese brands don’t even realize that,” said Loic Bizel, a French-born fashion consultant based in Tokyo. Japan “generates trends and ideas, but it stops there,” he said. “Many brands are not even interested in going overseas.”
So each season, Mr. Bizel takes fashion industry buyers from America and Europe — mass clothiers like Hennes & Mauritz of Sweden and Topshop of Britain — to buy up bagfuls of the latest hits. The designs are then whisked overseas to be reworked, resized, stitched together and sold under Western labels.
In that business model, there is little financial gain for Japan. In 2008, Japan’s clothing and apparel-related exports came to a mere $416 million, dwarfed by the $3.68 billion exported by American apparel companies, and a tiny fraction of China’s $113 billion.
Meanwhile, Japan’s domestic apparel industry is on the decline. It shrank 1.3 percent, to 4.37 trillion yen ($48 billion), in 2008, and is expected to post a steeper decline for 2009 as recession-weary consumers and an aging population cut back sharply on spending.
“Japanese fashion might be considered cutting-edge, but overseas markets have been largely elusive,” said Atsushi Izu, an analyst at the Nomura Research Institute in Tokyo. “Japan’s fashion industry is very fragmented, and most companies lack the resources and know-how to bring their brands to foreign markets.”
The government is trying to help. Earlier this year, the Foreign Ministry dispatched a group of suit-clad officials to Tokyo’s hip Harajuku neighborhood to survey the latest trends, part of an effort to promote Japanese fashion overseas. After interviews with shoppers and sales clerks, the ministry came up with a battle plan: to appoint three young trendsetters as “ambassadors” of Japanese chic, charged with extending the industry’s reach overseas and piquing interest in Japanese brands.
One ambassador, Misako Aoki — a model known in Tokyo for her Lolita look of frilly Rococo-inspired dresses paired with platform shoes — has been dispatched to France, Spain, Russia and Brazil, where she has attended expos and hosted fashion talk shows in her trademark floppy bow tie and frilly smock.
“I hope that Lolita fashion and Japanese fashion in general will raise your interest in Japan,” Ms. Aoki said in São Paulo, Brazil, in November after starring in a Lolita fashion show organized by the Japanese embassy. (Although Lolita style is a reference to the Vladimir Nabokov novel “Lolita,” its look is more covered-up Victorian schoolgirl than skin-baring teenage vixen.)
The trade ministry has also helped revamp the twice-yearly Tokyo Collection and started inviting foreign journalists to come on the government’s dime. For the first time this year, the collection, renamed Japan Fashion Week, sponsored a splinter fashion event in New York to showcase Japanese designers, and it has planned another runway show in New York in mid-February.
“Japanese fashion has so much global potential,” says Kenjiro Monji, director general of the Foreign Ministry’s Public Diplomacy Department, who oversees Japan’s cultural push overseas.
But the government’s efforts have won it few fans in the fashion industry. Besides Ms. Aoki, the two other fashion ambassadors chosen by the government are a woman who likes to dress up in cute high school uniforms and another who mixes and matches secondhand clothes. Promoting such niche tastes does little to help the wider fashion industry, many say.
And Japan Fashion Week remains a relative nonevent filled with relatively obscure designers like Motonari Ono and Kazuhiro Takakura. Ambitious young designers hoping to follow in the footsteps of Japanese greats like Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo may have to do what they did: pass over Tokyo’s shows for those in Paris.
Meanwhile, local favorites like Fur Fur — a new brand that mixes airy cotton frocks with distressed trench coats — have neither the expertise nor the resources to market overseas. Despite rave reviews from industry insiders, it has only one small store in Tokyo.
“Of course, taking my brand overseas is a dream,” said Fur Fur’s designer, Aya Furuhashi. “But to be honest, that’s really beyond us right now.”
What Japan’s fashion industry needs is more concrete help in marketing and setting up shop overseas, experts say. The government could also play a larger role helping Japanese labels protect their intellectual property rights, they say.
There are some promising signs. With government support, the start-up Xavel, which runs fashion shows that let women order outfits in real time using their cellphones, has opened shows in Paris and Beijing.
Fast Retailing, which sells the Uniqlo brand, has also been flexing its muscles overseas. Uniqlo, Japan’s answer to Gap, has roots in suburban outlets and does not have the level of respect among young fashion fans that many of Japan’s hipper brands do. But with ample funds and aggressive pricing on its fleece jackets and shirts, Uniqlo has expanded, with 92 stores worldwide.
Tadashi Yanai, chief executive of Fast Retailing, has said he hopes to build it into the world’s biggest apparel company, with sales of 5 trillion yen in 2020.
“We are part of a global economy,” Mr. Yanai said at a recent forum. “We cannot look inward.”
Moshe Komata contributed to this report.
Copyright 2010 The New York Times Company
JAPAN: For Some in Japan, Home Is a Tiny Plastic Bunk
January 2, 2010
By HIROKO TABUCHI
TOKYO — For Atsushi Nakanishi, jobless since Christmas, home is a cubicle barely bigger than a coffin — one of dozens of berths stacked two units high in one of central Tokyo’s decrepit “capsule” hotels.
“It’s just a place to crawl into and sleep,” he said, rolling his neck and stroking his black suit — one of just two he owns after discarding the rest of his wardrobe for lack of space. “You get used to it.”
When Capsule Hotel Shinjuku 510 opened nearly two decades ago, Japan was just beginning to pull back from its bubble economy, and the hotel’s tiny plastic cubicles offered a night’s refuge to salarymen who had missed the last train home.
Now, Hotel Shinjuku 510’s capsules, no larger than 6 1/2 feet long by 5 feet wide, and not tall enough to stand up in, have become an affordable option for some people with nowhere else to go as Japan endures its worst recession since World War II.
Once-booming exporters laid off workers en masse in 2009 as the global economic crisis pushed down demand. Many of the newly unemployed, forced from their company-sponsored housing or unable to make rent, have become homeless.
The country’s woes have led the government to open emergency shelters over the New Year holiday in a nationwide drive to help the homeless. The Democratic Party, which swept to power in September, wants to avoid the fate of the previous pro-business government, which was caught off-guard when unemployed workers pitched tents near public offices last year to call attention to their plight.
“In this bitter-cold New Year’s season, the government intends to do all it can to help those who face hardship,” Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama said in a video posted Dec. 26 on YouTube. “You are not alone.”
On Friday, he visited a Tokyo shelter housing 700 homeless people, telling reporters that “help can’t wait.”
Mr. Nakanishi considers himself relatively lucky. After working odd jobs on an Isuzu assembly line, at pachinko parlors and as a security guard, Mr. Nakanishi, 40, moved into the capsule hotel in Tokyo’s Shinjuku district in April to save on rent while he worked night shifts at a delivery company.
Mr. Nakanishi, who studied economics at a regional university, dreams of becoming a lawyer and pores over legal manuals during the day. But with no job since Christmas, he does not know how much longer he can afford a capsule bed.
The rent is surprisingly high for such a small space: 59,000 yen a month, or about $640, for an upper bunk. But with no upfront deposit or extra utility charges, and basic amenities like fresh linens and free use of a communal bath and sauna, the cost is far less than renting an apartment in Tokyo, Mr. Nakanishi says.
Still, it is a bleak world where deep sleep is rare. The capsules do not have doors, only screens that pull down. Every bump of the shoulder on the plastic walls, every muffled cough, echoes loudly through the rows.
Each capsule is furnished only with a light, a small TV with earphones, coat hooks, a thin blanket and a hard pillow of rice husks.
Most possessions, from shirts to shaving cream, must be kept in lockers. There is a common room with old couches, a dining area and rows of sinks. Cigarette smoke is everywhere, as are security cameras. But the hotel staff does its best to put guests at ease: “Welcome home,” employees say at the entrance.
“Our main clients used to be salarymen who were out drinking and missed the last train,” said Tetsuya Akasako, head manager at the hotel.
But about two years ago, the hotel started to notice that guests were staying weeks, then months, he said. This year, it introduced a reduced rent for dwellers of a month or longer; now, about 100 of the hotel’s 300 capsules are rented out by the month.
After requests from its long-term dwellers, the hotel received special government permission to let them register their capsules as their official abode; that made it easier to land job interviews.
At 2 a.m. on one recent December night, two young women watched the American television show “24” on a TV inside the sauna. One said she had traveled to Tokyo from her native Gunma, north of the city, to look for work. She intended to be a hostess at one of the capital’s cabaret clubs, where women engage in conversation with men for a fee.
The woman, 20, said she was hoping to land a job with a club that would put her up in an apartment. She declined to give her name because she did not want her family to know her whereabouts.
“It’s tough to live like this, but it won’t be for too long,” she said. “At least there are more jobs here than in Gunma.”
The government says about 15,800 people live on the streets in Japan, but aid groups put the figure much higher, with at least 10,000 in Tokyo alone. Those numbers do not count the city’s “hidden” homeless, like those who live in capsule hotels. There is also a floating population that sleeps overnight in the country’s many 24-hour Internet cafes and saunas.
The jobless rate, at 5.2 percent, is at a record high, and the number of households on welfare has risen sharply. The country’s 15.7 percent poverty rate is one of the highest among industrialized nations.
These statistics have helped shatter an image, held since the country’s rise as an industrial power in the 1970s, that Japan is a classless society.
“When the country enjoyed rapid economic growth, standards of living improved across the board and class differences were obscured,” said Prof. Hiroshi Ishida of the University of Tokyo. “With a stagnating economy, class is more visible again.”
The government has poured money into bolstering Japan’s social welfare system, promising cash payments to households with children and abolishing tuition fees at public high schools.
Still, Naoto Iwaya, 46, is on the verge of joining the hopeless. A former tuna fisherman, he has been living at another capsule hotel in Tokyo since August. He most recently worked on a landfill at the city’s Haneda Airport, but that job ended last month.
“I have looked and looked, but there are no jobs. Now my savings are almost gone,” Mr. Iwaya said, after checking into an emergency shelter in Tokyo. He will be allowed to stay until Monday.
After that, he said, “I don’t know where I can go.”
Copyright 2010 The New York Times Company
By HIROKO TABUCHI
TOKYO — For Atsushi Nakanishi, jobless since Christmas, home is a cubicle barely bigger than a coffin — one of dozens of berths stacked two units high in one of central Tokyo’s decrepit “capsule” hotels.
“It’s just a place to crawl into and sleep,” he said, rolling his neck and stroking his black suit — one of just two he owns after discarding the rest of his wardrobe for lack of space. “You get used to it.”
When Capsule Hotel Shinjuku 510 opened nearly two decades ago, Japan was just beginning to pull back from its bubble economy, and the hotel’s tiny plastic cubicles offered a night’s refuge to salarymen who had missed the last train home.
Now, Hotel Shinjuku 510’s capsules, no larger than 6 1/2 feet long by 5 feet wide, and not tall enough to stand up in, have become an affordable option for some people with nowhere else to go as Japan endures its worst recession since World War II.
Once-booming exporters laid off workers en masse in 2009 as the global economic crisis pushed down demand. Many of the newly unemployed, forced from their company-sponsored housing or unable to make rent, have become homeless.
The country’s woes have led the government to open emergency shelters over the New Year holiday in a nationwide drive to help the homeless. The Democratic Party, which swept to power in September, wants to avoid the fate of the previous pro-business government, which was caught off-guard when unemployed workers pitched tents near public offices last year to call attention to their plight.
“In this bitter-cold New Year’s season, the government intends to do all it can to help those who face hardship,” Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama said in a video posted Dec. 26 on YouTube. “You are not alone.”
On Friday, he visited a Tokyo shelter housing 700 homeless people, telling reporters that “help can’t wait.”
Mr. Nakanishi considers himself relatively lucky. After working odd jobs on an Isuzu assembly line, at pachinko parlors and as a security guard, Mr. Nakanishi, 40, moved into the capsule hotel in Tokyo’s Shinjuku district in April to save on rent while he worked night shifts at a delivery company.
Mr. Nakanishi, who studied economics at a regional university, dreams of becoming a lawyer and pores over legal manuals during the day. But with no job since Christmas, he does not know how much longer he can afford a capsule bed.
The rent is surprisingly high for such a small space: 59,000 yen a month, or about $640, for an upper bunk. But with no upfront deposit or extra utility charges, and basic amenities like fresh linens and free use of a communal bath and sauna, the cost is far less than renting an apartment in Tokyo, Mr. Nakanishi says.
Still, it is a bleak world where deep sleep is rare. The capsules do not have doors, only screens that pull down. Every bump of the shoulder on the plastic walls, every muffled cough, echoes loudly through the rows.
Each capsule is furnished only with a light, a small TV with earphones, coat hooks, a thin blanket and a hard pillow of rice husks.
Most possessions, from shirts to shaving cream, must be kept in lockers. There is a common room with old couches, a dining area and rows of sinks. Cigarette smoke is everywhere, as are security cameras. But the hotel staff does its best to put guests at ease: “Welcome home,” employees say at the entrance.
“Our main clients used to be salarymen who were out drinking and missed the last train,” said Tetsuya Akasako, head manager at the hotel.
But about two years ago, the hotel started to notice that guests were staying weeks, then months, he said. This year, it introduced a reduced rent for dwellers of a month or longer; now, about 100 of the hotel’s 300 capsules are rented out by the month.
After requests from its long-term dwellers, the hotel received special government permission to let them register their capsules as their official abode; that made it easier to land job interviews.
At 2 a.m. on one recent December night, two young women watched the American television show “24” on a TV inside the sauna. One said she had traveled to Tokyo from her native Gunma, north of the city, to look for work. She intended to be a hostess at one of the capital’s cabaret clubs, where women engage in conversation with men for a fee.
The woman, 20, said she was hoping to land a job with a club that would put her up in an apartment. She declined to give her name because she did not want her family to know her whereabouts.
“It’s tough to live like this, but it won’t be for too long,” she said. “At least there are more jobs here than in Gunma.”
The government says about 15,800 people live on the streets in Japan, but aid groups put the figure much higher, with at least 10,000 in Tokyo alone. Those numbers do not count the city’s “hidden” homeless, like those who live in capsule hotels. There is also a floating population that sleeps overnight in the country’s many 24-hour Internet cafes and saunas.
The jobless rate, at 5.2 percent, is at a record high, and the number of households on welfare has risen sharply. The country’s 15.7 percent poverty rate is one of the highest among industrialized nations.
These statistics have helped shatter an image, held since the country’s rise as an industrial power in the 1970s, that Japan is a classless society.
“When the country enjoyed rapid economic growth, standards of living improved across the board and class differences were obscured,” said Prof. Hiroshi Ishida of the University of Tokyo. “With a stagnating economy, class is more visible again.”
The government has poured money into bolstering Japan’s social welfare system, promising cash payments to households with children and abolishing tuition fees at public high schools.
Still, Naoto Iwaya, 46, is on the verge of joining the hopeless. A former tuna fisherman, he has been living at another capsule hotel in Tokyo since August. He most recently worked on a landfill at the city’s Haneda Airport, but that job ended last month.
“I have looked and looked, but there are no jobs. Now my savings are almost gone,” Mr. Iwaya said, after checking into an emergency shelter in Tokyo. He will be allowed to stay until Monday.
After that, he said, “I don’t know where I can go.”
Copyright 2010 The New York Times Company
THE KOREAS: Serving a Father by Bringing Long-Lost Koreans Home
“I have been a headache for the South Korean government, but I am finally carrying out my filial duty to my father.” — Choi Sung-yong
January 2, 2010
The Saturday Profile
SEOUL, South Korea
CHOI SUNG-YONG remembers his father as a war hero who became a successful fishing boat captain, a reserved man who helped at orphanages and once splurged to buy his music-loving teenage son a record player, a true luxury at the time.
But all the memories are tinged with loss. In 1967, when Mr. Choi was just 15, his father’s boat failed to return from sea. The family went into mourning, assuming the boat had sunk. But three months later they were shocked to learn that Mr. Choi’s father, Choi Won-mo, was alive, but lost to them. His vessel, it turned out, had been captured by North Korea, and when the North Koreans released the crew, they kept Mr. Choi’s father.
In the more than four decades since, Mr. Choi, 57, has devoted himself to trying to find his father and the hundreds of other missing South Koreans believed to have been snatched by North Korean agents.
He toils in a tiny office here, where the walls are covered with sepia-toned photos of the missing.
“So far,” he said, “my work has been a lonely fight.”
Unlike in Japan — where the plight of fewer than 20 Japanese abductees has become something of a national obsession — the issue of the disappeared is a divisive one here, freighted with a tangle of conflicting emotions about the North and the collective suffering of South Koreans since the peninsula’s fratricidal war from 1950 to 1953.
In the early years, South Korea’s fervently anti-Communist military rulers treated families like Mr. Choi’s with suspicion, fearful that those who had disappeared were defectors lured by the same ideology that helped cleave the country. But even a shift away from authoritarianism did not help. A succession of liberal presidents who gained power in democratic elections starting in the 1990s ignored the families’ cause in pursuit of reconciliation with the North.
While South Korea’s current, conservative, president, Lee Myung-bak, has taken a tougher line on the abduction issue, the South Korean public remains far less passionate on the subject than the Japanese, who helped drive their leaders not only to sever economic ties with the North, but also to continually urge the United States not to forget the abductees in its drive to get the North to give up its nuclear weapons program.
Fed up with waiting, Mr. Choi decided years ago to take matters into his own hands. In the late 1990s, he began traveling to northern China, where he developed contacts among North Koreans to try to gather information about his father.
Over time, he built something of an underground railroad in the North by using Koreans, sometimes by paying, to help the abductees escape across the border. And slowly, he began to achieve, in a small way, what the Seoul government has so far failed to do.
SINCE 2000, Mr. Choi says, Abductees’ Family Union, which he leads, has smuggled seven South Koreans back to their country via China, including one who later returned to the North because he had started a family there. Officials at South Korea’s Ministry of Unification, which helps oversee inter-Korean relations, acknowledge that Mr. Choi has succeeded in bringing out abducted South Koreans, though they will not confirm the number.
His efforts — and his role with Abductees’ Family Union, which lobbies for the families of 505 civilians thought by the South Korean government to have been kidnapped — have earned him wide attention in the South’s media. They have also, he says, led to death threats from the North.
As a result, he is now afraid to travel to China. But he says he will press on until he finds out what happened to his father, who would be 99 years old now if still alive, or at least retrieve his remains. His father’s former crew said his father had been kept in the North because of his war record, and Mr. Choi fears he may have been executed.
“I have been a headache for the South Korean government,” Mr. Choi said. “But I am finally carrying out my filial duty to my father.”
Like his father, most of the missing are fishermen who vanished when they ventured out to sea in the 1960s and 1970s. Based on South Korean intelligence and the tales of defectors, it appears that the North had several goals in mind when it captured South Koreans. Some were put to work as laborers. Others — like at least some of the Japanese — helped train spies who had little chance to learn about other nations, given their reclusive leaders’ absolute control on news and penchant for propaganda.
The abductees, experts on the issue in the South say, were also tools for the North’s propaganda machine; North Korea still insists that South Koreans who left their country defected for a happier life.
One of those who Mr. Choi’s group smuggled out of North Korea is Choi Wook-il, who is no relation to him. A shrimp fisherman, Choi Wook-il said his boat was seized by a North Korean gunboat in 1975. He was kept in the North until three years ago, when he was led at night across a frozen river into China and freedom, he said.
Now 69, he lives with his wife in a government-provided apartment in the city of Ansan, south of Seoul.
He said that without the efforts of Choi Sung-yong, he would never have been able to return to his life. “He is the only one making efforts.”
The fisherman’s wife, Yang Jeong-ja, 67, said she thought he was dead until Choi Sung-yong one day showed her a letter her husband had written to his brother, which was smuggled out via China. He also presented a picture of her husband taken in North Korea and said he could get her husband out. Ms. Yang was skeptical, but agreed to his plan.
Her husband said that one night almost a decade ago, he got a knock on the door from a North Korean who said he had been sent by Ms. Yang to lead him to China. At first, Mr. Choi — who had been working on a pear and corn farm because his middle-school education was deemed inadequate for spy training — said he did not believe his visitor. It took nine visits until he finally agreed to leave. After they arrived in South Korea, his guide defected. The other Mr. Choi said such successes help make up for the continued pushback from many South Koreans.
He has been criticized by government officials and many people in the public for threatening the South’s engagement with the North, which most South Koreans support in some form. That stance is somewhat pragmatic; those who want to unite with the North say peace will not only allow any abductees who are alive to return home, but also reunite the thousands of families split up during the war.
Experts say it is also difficult for the families of those who were kidnapped to gain sympathy because many of their countrymen feel some bitterness about their singling out their own suffering when so many families have been separated.
“This issue has been intertwined with all the national pain,” said Lee Keum-soon, a researcher on the abductions at the Korea Institute for National Unification, a government-financed research center.
FAMILIES of abductees say they are more hopeful now. President Lee, who took office two years ago, in November called addressing the abduction issue a precondition for holding any future summit meeting with the North.
Mr. Choi has also been appointed to a group that advises the government as it continues to investigate missing persons cases to determine if more of them are possible abductees. On his wall, he proudly displays a plaque that he received in 2009 from the president proclaiming his father a patriot for having piloted a boat that clandestinely dropped off guerrilla fighters behind enemy lines during the Korean War.
“Whenever I ask a North Korean for news of my father, my heart still beats wildly,” Mr. Choi said. “I have struggled to accept that I am a child whose father will never return.”
Su-Hyun Lee contributed reporting.
This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: January 5, 2010
A picture with the Saturday Profile about Choi Sung-yong, the leader of Abductees’ Family Union who works to bring home South Koreans believed to have been kidnapped by North Korea, was published in error. The picture showed Choi Wook-il, a man who was smuggled out of the North by the Abductees’ Family Union; it was not of Choi Sung-yong.
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